1200-1450 Princton Ap world Review terms

Bhakti

A Hindu spiritual practice centered on personal devotion to a deity.

Sufis

Mystical Islamic practitioners who seek a personal connection with God through rituals and spiritual practices.

Muslims

Adherents of the religion of Islam, who follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad.

abbasid dynasty

The dynasty that ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258, known for its cultural and scientific achievements.

Baghdad

The capital of Iraq, which became a cultural and intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age.

Nasir al-din al-tusi

A Persian polymath known for his contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy.

Mameluke

A political and military class that ruled Egypt and the Levant from the 13th to 16th centuries.

mongols

Nomadic tribes from Central Asia that established one of the largest empires in history.

ottoman turks

A Turkish state that expanded into a vast empire covering parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

middle ages

A period in European history from the 5th to the late 15th century, marked by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism.

feudalism

A social and economic system in medieval Europe in which land was held by nobles in exchange for military service.

nobles

Members of the aristocracy who held land and power, often serving as vassals to kings.

vassals

Individuals who held land granted by a lord in exchange for loyalty and military service.

peasants

The lower class of society who worked the land and served the lords.

fiefs

Land granted to vassals by lords in exchange for service.

manors

Estates owned by nobles that included the lord's residence, land, and peasants working on it.

three field system

An agricultural system of rotating crops that improved soil fertility and farm productivity.

code of chivalry

A set of rules governing the conduct of knights, emphasizing virtues like bravery, honor, and respect for women.

primogeniture

A legal rule that the firstborn child inherits the family estate.

serfs

Peasants bound to the land and under the lord's control, who could not leave without permission.

interregnum

A period during which normal government is suspended, often between kings.

william the conqueror

The first Norman King of England, who ruled after his conquest in 1066.

magna carta

A charter of rights agreed to by King John of England in 1215, limiting royal authority.

king hugh capet

The founder of the Capetian dynasty, which ruled France for several centuries.

jon of arc

A French peasant girl who became a national heroine for her role in the Hundred Years' War.

bourbons

A royal family that ruled France and Spain and played a significant role in European affairs.

hundred years’ war

A series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453.

queen isabella

The queen of Castile and León, who sponsored Columbus's voyages and united Spain with Ferdinand.

ferdinand

The king of Aragon who, together with Isabella, unified Spain and sponsored exploration.

spanish inquisition

A judicial institution established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain, often involving persecution.

tatars

A Turkic ethnic group originating from the Volga region, known for their historical empires.

czar

An emperor of Russia, particularly before the 1917 revolution.

Ivan the terrible

The first ruler of Russia to be proclaimed Tsar, known for his brutal reign.

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, noted for its cultural and political stability.

foot binding

A Chinese practice of tightly binding the feet of girls to conform to ideals of beauty.

shogun

A hereditary military governor in Japan, who held the real power over the country.

daimyo

Powerful feudal lords in Japan during the Shogunate period.

code of bushido

The ethical code of the samurai, emphasizing loyalty, courage, and honor.

delhi sultanate

A series of Turkic and Afghan dynasties that ruled over parts of India from the 13th to the 16th century.

rajput kingdoms

A collection of warrior clans in India known for their valor and resistance against invaders.

khmer empire

An empire in Southeast Asia that thrived from the 9th to the 15th century, known for its architecture.

angie way

Not a widely recognized term; potentially a typographical error or mistranslation requiring clarification.

hausa

A Chadic ethnic group predominantly found in northern Nigeria, known for their trade and agricultural practices.

tenochtitlán

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco.

temple of the sun

A significant temple in the Inca Empire, often dedicated to the sun god Inti.

machu pichu

An ancient Incan city located in the Andes mountains of Peru.

burghers

Middle-class town dwellers in medieval Europe, often involved in trade and commerce.

Hanseatic league

A commercial alliance of northern European cities and their guilds that promotes maritime trade.

crusades

Religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, primarily aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem.

scholasticism

A medieval school of thought that sought to reconcile faith with reason, primarily through philosophical inquiry.

heresies

Beliefs or opinions that deviate from established religious doctrines, often condemned by the Church.

pope innocent III

One of the most powerful popes of the Middle Ages, known for his influence over European politics.

Inquisition

A Church-led tribunal established to combat heresy and enforce religious conformity.

Universal church

A term referring to the global fellowship of Christians and the overarching authority of the Church.

church militant

A term used to refer to Christians on earth who are engaged in the struggle against sin.

thomas aquinas

A medieval theologian and philosopher who integrated Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.

ghengis khan

The founder of the Mongol Empire, known for his military strategies and unification of the Mongol tribes.

mongol empire

The empire established by Ghengis Khan, which became the largest contiguous empire in history.

golden horde

The Mongol khanate that ruled over parts of Russia and Eastern Europe.

kublai khan

The grandson of Ghengis Khan who completed the conquest of China and established the Yuan dynasty.

timur lang

A Central Asian conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire and is known for his military campaigns.

mansa musa

The emperor of the Mali Empire known for his wealth and pilgrimage to Mecca.

movable type

A printing technology that uses movable components to reproduce text, which revolutionized printing.

bubonic plague

A devastating infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, resulting in millions of deaths in the 14th century.

indian ocean trade

A network of trading routes across the Indian Ocean that facilitated commerce between different cultures.

great zimbabwe

A medieval city located in modern-day Zimbabwe, known for its impressive stone ruins and trade.

kashgar

An important city on the Silk Road, serving as a trade hub between the East and West.

samarkand

A historical city in Uzbekistan, known for its cultural significance and as a stop on the Silk Road.

xuanzang

A Chinese monk who traveled to India and is known for his journey to acquire Buddhist texts.

marco polo

A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled extensively through Asia and documented his experiences.

ibn battuta

A Moroccan traveler and scholar known for his excursions covering much of the Islamic world.

margery kempe

An English mystic and author known for her spiritual autobiography, regarded as one of the earliest in English.