Module 3 Quiz 1 - All Vocab

LOOK OUT THERE'S A PIPEBOMB

The functions of epithelial tissue are to…

mainly serve as protective barrier, absorb substances, secrete molecules like enzymes & mucus, & hold nerve endings for sensing stimuli

Where can epithelial tissue be found…

on surfaces of organs & outer surface of the body (skin)

Epithelial tissue cells are…

tightly packed with minimal space between cells

Epithelial tissue consists of:

simple squamous epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium

The functions of connective tissue are to…

support & protect organs, connect parts of the body, store energy, & provide immune defense

Where can connective tissue be found…

below the skin, around organs, in circulation throughout the body, tendons & ligaments, flexible body structures (ears, nose), covering the ends of bones, & bone in general

Connective tissue cells are…

widely spaced with material (matrix) between cells

Connective tissue consists of:

loose connective tissue, adipose tissue (fat), blood, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone

The functions of nervous tissue are to…

receive stimuli, conduct nerve impulses, process information, transmit signals, communicate at synapses (ends of axons), speed up impulses, support complex functions

Where can nervous tissue be found…

central nervous system (brain & spinal cord), peripheral nerves, sensory organs (nose, ears, etc.), & target organs (“response” organs; muscles, glands, etc.)

Nervous tissue cells are…

“neurons”; unique structure with dendrites, a cell body, & axon

Nervous tissue consists of:

nerve cells (neuron), neuroglial cells

The functions of muscle tissue are to…

contract repeatedly & efficiently, produce movement, pump blood, propel substances & regulate organ function

Where can muscle tissue be found…

attached to bones, the heart, in the walls of internal organs (intestines, stomach, blood vessels, various glands, other hollow organs)

Muscle tissue cells are…

oval-shaped, no stripes (smooth); fused, branched & some stripes(cardiac); long, fused & many stripes(skeletal)

Muscle tissue consists of:

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle

What are neurons?

specialized cells that receive, process, & transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system

Simple epithelium

epithelial tissue with a single layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

epithelial tissue with multiple layers of cells

Squamous

thin, flat, scale-like cell shape found in certain epithelial tissue

Cuboidal

cube-shaped cells found in certain epithelial tissue

Columnar

tall, column-shaped cells found in certain epithelial tissue

Pseudostratified

“falsely layered”; cells appear to have multiple layers but are actually single-layered, found in certain epithelial tissue

Absorption

the process of taking in substances (nutrients, water)

Secretion

the process of producing & release substances (enzymes, mucus) from cells or tissues

Osteocytes

living bone cells that maintain the bone matrix, can produce & secrete calcium, and help repair & build new bone

Chondrocytes

living cartilage cells that produce & maintain cartilage matrix proteins (ex. chondroitin: makes cartilage flexible & smooth)

Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue

connective tissue; mostly densely packed collagen fibers with few cells; provide strong, flexible support & connection between body parts, resist tension & pulling forces; in tendons (muscle to bone) & ligaments (bone to bone)

Loose Connective Tissue

connective tissue; widely spaced cells & watery matrix with proteins (collagen, fibrin); connects skin to muscles & tissues, provides skin with elasticity & flexibility, contains immune cells; just beneath skin (subcutaneous layer)

Adipose Tissue

connective tissue; composed of fat-storing cells; stores energy as fat, provides insulation for body temperature maintenance, cushions & protects internal organs; beneath skin (subdermal layer), around organs

Nerve Cell Body

“soma”; central part of nerve cell, contains nucleus & most cell organelles; processes information received from dendrites & sends signals to axons

Axon

long, thin extension from the nerve cell body; carry nerve impulses away from cell body to other nerve cells or target organs

Dendrite

branch-like extension from the nerve cell body; helps nerve cell collect info from other cells or environment, receive signals & conduct impulses toward the cell body,

Myelin sheath

fatty layer that wraps around many axons; acts as insulation, speeds up impulse transmission along axon

Node of Ranvier

small gap between sections of myelin sheath on an axon; help speed up impulse transmission

Telodendria

tiny branches at the end of an axon; form connections with other nerve cells or target organs, help transmit nerve signals

Synapse

the small gap between two nerve cells or between nerve cell & target organ; allows nerve signals to pass using neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

Neurotransmitter

chemical released by nerve cells at telodendria (axon terminals); carry signals across synapse to other nerve cells or target organs

Skeletal Muscle

muscle tissue; attached to bones, for voluntary movement, striated, limited ability to mature & divide once mature, formed by fusion of embryonic cells into muscle fibers

Smooth Muscle

muscle tissue; in internal organs, involuntary, responsible for moves food through digestive system (peristalsis), aids in glandular secretion, limited ability to repair itself; made up of individual, smooth, & non-striated cells

Cardiac Muscle

muscle tissue; ONLY in the heart (myocardium), involuntary, responsible for pumping blood throughout body, composed of fused cells, striated but specialized for endurance & rhythmic activity, limited ability to repair itself

Striated Muscle

striped muscle tissue; consists of skeletal & cardiac muscle

Voluntary Muscle

muscle tissue you can consciously control

Involuntary Muscle

muscle tissue that contracts automatically

Cardiovascular System

body network responsible for blood circulation; consists of heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, & capillaries), & blood; delivers oxygen & nutrients to tissues, removes waste products from tissues; two types of circulation: systemic & pulmonary

Artery

blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from heart

Arteriole

small blood vessel that branches off from arteries & lead to capillaries; help regulate blood flow & blood pressure by constricting or dilating

Capillary

smallest blood vessel; connects arteries to veins, site where oxygen, nutrients & waste products are exchanged between blood & tissues

Vein

blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the heart

Venule

small blood vessel that collects blood from capillaries & carries it to larger veins that return the deoxygenated blood to the heart

Visceral Pericardium

the membrane that’s directly attached to surface of the heart; part of the pericardial sac, protects the heart

Parietal Pericardium

membrane just outside the visceral pericardium, a fluid-filled space separates them (pericardial cavity), surrounds the heart

Atrium

upper chamber of the heart, receives blood returning to heart

Ventricle

lower chamber of the heart, pumps blood out of the heart

Systole

heart cycle phase when heart muscles contract to pump blood out of chambers

Diastole

heart cycle phase when heart muscles relax & chambers fill with blood

Atrioventricular Valve (AV Valve)

located between an atrium & ventricle; prevents blood from flowing backward when ventricle contracts

Tricuspid Valve

located between the right atrium & right ventricle, three flaps

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

located between the left atrium & left ventricle, two flaps

Aortic Semilunar Valve

located between the left ventricle & the aorta, prevents blood from flowing back into the heart after being pumped out

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery, prevents blood from flowing back into the heart after being pumped out to the lungs

Pulmonary Artery

carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs for oxygenation

Pulmonary Vein

carries oxygenated blood from lungs of heart to left atrium of the heart

Pulmonary Circulatory System

part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs & returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

Systemic Circulatory System

part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body & returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Heart Rate

number of times the heart beats per minute

Cardiac Output

amount of blood the heart pumps out in one minute

Sino-atrial (SA) Node

“pacemaker”; located in the upper wall of right atrium; generates impulses that initiate each heartbeat —> causes both atria to contract almost simultaneously

Atrioventricular (AV) node

located in the lower wall of right atrium; receives electrical signal from SA node, briefly delays it, then sends impulses to ventricles → ventricles contract almost simultaneously

Bundle of His

carry electrical impulses from AV node down into ventricles, help coordinate contraction

Purkinje fibers

fibers that spread electrical impulses throughout walls of the ventricles

Capillary Exchange

the process where oxygen, nutrients, & waste products pass between blood in capillaries & surrounding tissues

Kwashiorkor is a…

nutritional disorder caused by severe protein deficiency despite calorie intake → body breaks down muscle tissue to produce essential proteins

Symptoms of kwashiorkor include:

very thin arms & legs from muscle loss, swelling/fluid accumulation in abdomen (edema) → “pot belly”, blood vessel fluid leakage into tissues due to lack of plasma proteins to maintain osmotic pressure

Hemophilia is a…

genetic disorder where blood is unable to clot properly; caused by recessive gene on X chromosome, more common in males, females usually don’t show symptoms unless both x chromosomes are carriers

Symptoms of hemophilia include:

excessive bleeding from injuries (external & internal)

Sickle Cell Anemia is a…

genetic disorder where hemoglobin changes shape → RBC’s become sickle/crescent-shaped; sickle-shaped cells struggle to pass through capillaries → can block blood flow; caused by inheriting two copies of sickle cell gene (one gives you resistance to malaria)

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia include:

reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, impaired gas exchange

Atherosclerosis is a…

circulatory disorder where fatty plaques build up inside the arteries; plaques start with saturated fats & cholesterol → plaques thicken & narrow the artery → plaques collect confused white blood cells & platelets → can lead to complete blockage; associated with high-fat diets & genetic factors

Symptoms of atherosclerosis include:

heart attacks, strokes, & organ damage due to reduced blood supply

Hypertension is…

chronic high blood pressure, blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg; makes the heart work harder which could lead to heart problems; can be caused by lack of exercise, poor diet, genetics, & obesity; medication is provided to help lower blood pressure

Symptoms of hypertension include:

organ damage, atherosclerosis, other heart problems

Coronary Artery Disease is a…

condition where arteries supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked; caused mainly by atherosclerosis, yadda yadda same symptoms; risk factors = diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, & sedentary lifestyle; can lead to heart muscle damage & heart failure

Cholesterol

lipid (fat) essential for stabilizing cell membranes & producing certain hormones; the body can make it

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

“good” cholesterol, helps remove cholesterol from the blood

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

“bad” cholesterol, can promote plaque buildup in arteries

Plasma

the liquid portion of blood; makes up 55% of blood’s volume & is more than 90% water; solvent that carries substances such as ions & electrolytes, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste products, respiratory gases, & hormones; acts as transport medium

Formed (cellular) elements

the cellular components of blood; makes up about 45% of blood’s volume; consists of erythrocytes (red), leukocytes (white), & thrombocytes (platelets)

Erythrocytes

“red blood cells”, “RBC’s”; carry oxygen & carbon dioxide with the help of hemoglobin

Erythropoietin

hormone produced mainly by kidneys, stimulates production of RBC’s in bone marrow, helps regulate RBC levels in response to oxygen available in the body

Leukocytes

“white blood cells”, “WBC’s“; involved in immune responses to fight infections

Basophil

type of WBC; produce & release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate (vasodilation), helps during allergic reactions & inflammation

Neutrophil

type of WBC; act as phagocytes → engulf & digest bacteria + other pathogens to protect body from infection

Eosinophil

type of WBC; immune defense against parasitic worms, also play a role in allergic reactions

Monocyte

type of WBC; act as phagocytes → digest pathogens & debris, also present pathogen pieces to other cells to help activate them

Macrophage

type of WBC; large, develop from monocytes, act as phagocytes → engulf & digest pathogens, dead cells, & debris, key role in tissue cleanup

Lymphocyte

type of WBC; play a central role in immune system, recognize & respond to foreign substances; consists of T Cells & B Cells

T cell

type of WBC; destroy infected or abnormal cells & help regulate the immune system

B cell

type of WBC; produce antibodies to target specific pathogens

Thrombocyte

“platelets”; help with blood clotting & maintaining blood vessels