aphgAG

Climates

average or aggregate of daily weather conditions over a period of years

Intensive farming practices

type of agriculture in which large amounts of labor and capital are used to produce high yields of crops

Market gardening

commercial gardening that enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables are grown to be grown for profit

Plantation agriculture

The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts

Mixed crop/livestock system

The crops are grown to feed the animals, and the animals' manure is used to fertilize the crops

Extensive farming practices

agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area

Shifting cultivation

practice of farming by clearing land for farming by slashing vegetation and burning debris

Nomadic herding

way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. (Red River with John Wayne)

Ranching

raising herds of animals on large tracts of land (farming but with animals)

Clustered

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other's fields and surround the settlement

Dispersed

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

Linear

Linear settlements are settlements where the buildings are constructed in lines

Rural settlement patterns

Clustered, dispersed, linear

Rural survey methods

long lot, metes and bounds, township and range

Metes and bounds

Defines the boundaries of a piece of land based on the physical landscape, directions, and distances
Metes \= a specific, measured boundary
Bounds \= a general boundary (waterways, walls, existing buildings, etc.)

Township and range

Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (townships) and divided again into one-mile square blocks (range)

Long lot

Land is divided into narrow lots perpendicular to a river, road, or canal

Hearths of domestication

areas where different plants or animals were domesticated at about the same time during the first agricultural revolution

Columbian exchange

widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres

Agricultural revolution

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTON: remarkable gradual change in human history from nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to agricultural settlements. This is also meant that groups grew in size thus, is a marker of early civilization. First Agricultural Revolution Time period

Second Agricultural revolution

EAST-WEST LINE: An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States!

Third Agricultural revolution (Green Revolution)

GREEN REVOLUTION: paved the way for more modern farming

Agricultural production regions

parts of the world where food is grown

Subsistence farming

Farming for the purpose of survival for the farm owner's family

Commercial farming

Farming for the purpose of making profit of the farm owner's crops

Monocropping

growing of a single crop over and over on the same piece of land

Monoculture

practice of growing one species or variety of plant within a given area

Bid-rent theory

Land/property/rental unit costs increase the closer one gets to a city's central business district.

Commodity chains

organized network of labor and production processes

Carrying capacity

the amount an area of land can hold until it starts to decrease in wellness

Von Thunen's Model

attempts to differentiate between land use patterns based on the different scales of agricultural production

Global supply chain

production, distribution and consumption

Export commodity

substances or goods that are produced in one country, then shipped to others for distribution and sale abroad

Global food distribution networks

sequence of processes to fulfill the demand for food,

Land cover change

denotes a change in certain continuous characteristics of the land such as vegetation type, soil properties, and so on

Desertification

degradation of land

Soil salinization

the ability of soils to hold saltwater

Slash and burn

burning trees to clear land- degradation of land

Terraces

flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread

Deforestation

destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural

Irrigation

man-made system whereby water is spread from its natural source (such as a lake or river) over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production

Pastoral nomadism

Herding of domestic animals

GMOs

Genetically Modified Organism

Aquaculture

Cultivation of aquatic plants for food

Urban farming

CSA

Community Supported Agriculture

Value added specialty crops

crop that has been processed in some way to increase its value

Fair trade

agreement between a less developed country with a more developed country

Local-food movements

movement which aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region

Food insecurity

Lack of access to food and nutrition

Food deserts

areas with little or no access to healthy and affordable food or limited or no access to fresh fruits and vegetables

Suburbanization

growth of cities outside of an urban area

Swidden

Shifting cultivation

Plant domestication

hereditary restructuring of wild plants into domestic and cultivated forms in response to human needs

Milk shed

dairy farm where milk is supplied without spoiling

Transhumance

form of pastoralism or nomadism organized around the migration of livestock between mountain pastures in warm seasons and lower altitudes the rest of the year

Intercropping

the cultivation or two or more crops in combination in the same field at the same time

Subsidy

a direct or indirect payment, economic concession, or privilege granted by a government to private firms, households, or other governmental units in order to promote a public objective

Blue Revolution

significant growth and intensification of global aquaculture production