GI system function
Ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, elimination
Accessory organs of the digestive system
Paratoid salivary glands, teeth, tongue, sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary gland, liver
Propulsion
Involves peristalsis and segmentation. movement of food in 2 steps
Peristalsis
the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction (forces materials to move further along the GI tract. muscular contraction to move food further
Segmentation
mixing of material (helping to mix materials and combine them with digestive organ secretion
Oral cavity
cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary, glands, and teeth Vestibule (space between lips and teeth)
Vestibule
space between lips and teeth
Salivary glands
moistens ingested materials to become a slick bolus Chemical digestion of ingested materials Antibacterial action Dissolves materials so that taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated
Majority of saliva comes from
submandibular (60-70%)
Cranial nerve 7 controls
submandibular and sublingual (3-5% production)
Cranial nerve 9 controls
parotid 25-30% of production
teeth
Cementum Periodontal ligaments Dental alveoli Dentin Apical foramen: blood vessels and nerves Pulp cavity Enamel Crown Gingiva Neck
Deciduous teeth
Erupt between 6-30 months, 20 in number
permanent teeth
replaces deciduous teeth, 32 in number
Pharynx
Shared by the respiratory and digestive system Three skeletal muscle pairs of pharyngeal constrictors
Esophagus
made up of stratified squamous
Esophageal hiatus
the opening through the diaphragm that connects the esophagus to the stomach
Superior esophageal sphincter
at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus
Inferior esophageal sphincter
junction of the esophagus and the stomach
swallowing process
Voluntary phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase
Stomach
Continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus Upper left quadrant of the abdomen Four regions: cardia, fundus, body, pyloris.
Four regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pyloris
Large intestines anatomy
Tenia coli Haustum: pouches Omental appendices Attachments Sigmoid mesocolon Transverse mesocolon Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal
Musculans mucosa
right underneath the intestinal gland
Liver
right lobes, left lobes, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
Falciform ligament
separates the left and right lobe
Porta hepatitis
Hepatic artery proper Common hepatic duct Hepatic portal vein
Common hepatic duct
vile comes out of the liver and goes up to the gallbladder
Branch of the hepatic portal vein
brings blood to the liver
The hepatic vein
takes blood out of the liver from there to the inferior vena cava
Right and left hepatic ducts merge
to form a common hepatic duct
Common hepatic and cystic ducts merge
to form a common bile duct
Sphincter hepatopancreatic
bile duct and pancreatic duct join together to pancreas and bile to drain into the duodenum
Pancreas
99% produces digestive enzymes (cell acinar) 1 % produces insulin hormones (pancreatic islet)
Kidney
1 million nephrons in each kidney Location: around T12 8-12 lobes Cortex Medulla Sinus nephron
Blood circulation inside the kidney
Afferent arteriole= glomerulus= efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
forms the same shape as loop of henle ( U shape) makes urine concentrated
Juxtaglomerural apparatus
controls blood pressure
Renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule glomerulus
Macula densa
a wall of distal convoluted tube
Granular cells
contain renin (on the wall of the afferent arteriole there is some smooth muscle in these cells) which are called juxtaglomerular cells
Podocyte cells
sitting on top of capillaries (cells of visceral membrane)
Pedicles
blood before entering Bowman's capsule
Distal convoluted tube and collective tube
ADH and aldosterone target for these hormones
Urinary tract
Ureters
Fibro muscular
wall contains 3 layers Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia
When the wall of the bladder contract
closes the ureters
Urinary bladder
Mucosa and Submucosa Muscularis Adventitia
Urethra
Takes out the urine, females is shorter, male is longer
3 parts of male urethra
Prostatic Membranous Spongy
Gonads
produce sex cells called gametes
Ovaries
oocytes (XX). anchored to pelvis by folds of peritonium
Testes
sperm (XY)
Accessory organs of female reproductive system
Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Clitoris Mammary glands
Perineum
2 triangles; Urogenital and anal triangle
Urogenital
urethriel orifice base of penis and scrotum. form pubic symphysis to the ischial tuberosity.
Anal triangle
ischial tuberosity to coccyx
Vescicouterine pouch
between the bladder and uterus
Rectouterine pouch
between uterus and anus
Antevert
bending forward of the uterus (towards the bladder)
Retrovert
bending forward of the uterus (towards the bladder)
Ovaries
ligaments that hold them
Mesovarium
back wall. mesenteric part of ovaries attaching to wall.
Broad ligament
covers everything like a sheet
Suspensory ligament
side wall, to the wall of the pelvis
Layers of the uterus
Endometrium Myometrium Perineitrium Vagina Vulva
Uterus ligaments
Round ligament Transverse ligament: cervix to side wall Uterosacral ligament
Cervix
Internal OS, cervical canal, external OS
Primordial
1 layer of simple squamous
primary
2 layers of cuboidal
Secondary
antrum(cavity) egg still in the center
Matur
antrum huge and egg pushed to the side (vesicular follicle)
Uterus
fondus and body
Follicles
egg and sheet that covers it
primordial follicles
2 million when your born
Covering the egg
Primordial follicle Primary follicles Secondary follicle Mature follicle
Ogonium
creates the 2 million eggs (before born)
Primary oocyte
daughter of oogonium. Doesn't complete mitosis
Mature follicle
secondary oocyte contains 23 chromosomes. Each chromosome has two copies. This is what women ovulate
Sperm
will make it change or separate into two copies
Ovum
sperm gets in 23 chromosomes
Corpus luteum
stays alive for 2 weeks and chains into corpus albicans
Sperm
24 hours to 48 hours alive
egg
3 days alive
Bronchial trees
Upper respiratory tract Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Pharynx
Lower respiratory tract
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
Respiratory functions
Breathing Sound production Olfaction Defense
Pharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Opening to auditory tube
Posterior nasopharnyx
wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Oropharynx
begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the hyoid bone. at the end of the oral cavity. non-keratinized stratified squamous
Bronchial tree
Trachea Left primary bronchus Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles
Lobar bronchi
Secondary Three on the right Two on the left
Bronchopulmonary segment
right lung has 10, left lung has 8-10
Bronchiole
less than 1mm diameter and are lined in simple columnar or simple squamous are lined pseudostratified columnar epithelium. dosen’t have cartilgae
Alveolar type 1 cells
simple squamous epithelium
Alveolar type 2 cells
almost cuboidal in shape, produces pulmonary surfactant (decreses surface tension within the alveolis and prevents the collapse of alveoli
Voice box
supported by 9 cartilages
Alveolar macrophages
dust cells
The respiratory membrane
consists of; plasma membrane
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal Ethmoidal Sphenoidal maxillary Air spaces make bone lighter