p/s content refresh

pankow deck

origin of acetylcholine (generally and specifically)

• in general: frontal cortex/basal forebrain

• specifically: basilis & septal nuclei

• similar to mesocortical pathway

geographical proximity

most powerful predictor of friendships and relationship

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to novel people or objects, ↑ our liking for them

• in other words, the more often we see something, the more often we like it

• ex: I see Milo everyday and begin to like Milo more.

similarity bias

people tend to favor, trust, or feel more comfortable with others who are similar to themselves—whether in background, appearance, beliefs, interests, or experiences.

perceived similarity

the belief or perception that you and someone else are alike, whether or not that’s actually true.

projection bias

assumption that others share the same beliefs we do

• example: Andrew has a set Pre-Med idea and assumes others do too.

false consensus

assumption everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they do not

• example: saying physics sucks and assuming everyone thinks that, despite people liking physics

false consensus vs projection bias

false consensus: when you think everyone agrees with your opinion.

projection bias: when you think everyone has the same beliefs as you

attachment

emotional bond between a child and caregiver that forms in early life and serves as a basis for later social and emotional development

variables in Harlow Monkey Experiment

two variables:

• wire mother provided food

• cloth mother provided comfort

Harlow Monkey Experiments result

monkeys preferred cloth mother attachment basis to mother is due to comfort, not food

secure base

In the Harlow Monkey Experiments, the cloth mother acts as a ____ ______. Eventually monkey is comfortable enough to explore world on it's own, because it knows cloth mother will still be there.

stranger anxiety

Young babies are happy to be passed around, but then around 8 months ___________ sets in.

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment

understand why some kids have stranger anxiety and some don’t.

• children left in room with stranger after mom left

• dependent on parenting styles

• mothers sensitive to child and responsive → secure attachment

• mothers insensitive/unresponsive → insecure attachments

secure attachment

explored when mother was present, cried when she was gone, went to her when she returned

insecure attachment

clung to mom when she was present, cried when she was gone, and continued to cry when she returned → even avoidant behaviors when she returned

authoritarian parenting

strict, high expectations, low warmth (“my way or the highway”)

• break will of child

• often uses punishment to control

authoritative parenting

strict, consistent and loving but more pragmatic and issue-oriented and listen to children's arguments

• balance responsibility with rights of child

• discipline NOT punish

permissive parenting/Indulgent parenting

non-directive and lenient.

few behavioral expectations for child

authoritarian vs authoritative parenting

Authoritarian parenting is bad (dictatorship).

Authoritative parenting is good (fair disciplining).

reinforcement-modeling

Kids model their behavior based on reinforcement

Parents who give into demands of child during temper tantrums lead to more temper tantrums in future.

example: A child throws a tantrum and a mother gives in and gives the child what he wants. This makes the child more likely to throw tantrums in the future.

social scripts

instructions provided by society on how to act; set of behaviors

altruism

care about welfare of other people and are acting to help them; beneficial to society and also individuals

kin-selection

people act more altruistically to close/kin than distant/non-kin people;

• ex: when people share last names, especially true if people have rare last names

• ex2: Me being friendly with others who share the last name Joseph.

reciprocal altruism

people are more cooperative if they will interact with that person again in the future;

we feel more obliged to help someone else if they have helped us

example: Charities send out small gifts. By helping you out now, they hope you respond by giving them a larger gift in the future.

cost signaling

helping out others because you want to let them know you are a big deal/rich/have resources

• ex: "Look at how I am capable of helping you out because I'm rich as fuck."

• establishes a “haha I’M better than YOU” reputation

empathy-altruism hypothesis

when you feel empathy for someone, you’re motivated to help them out of true concern for their well-being, not just to reduce your own distress or gain something.

emotional support

affection, love, trust, caring.

esteem support

expressions of confidence/encouragement

informational support

sharing information with or giving advice

tangible/instrumental support

financial support, material goods, or services

companionship support

form of support that gives someone a sense of social belonging

ascribed statuses

statuses appointed at birth

• ex: Prince Harry of Royal Family

achieved status

earned status after working for it

• ex: Dr. Lissa Joseph (requires work and effort → not born w/ title)

master status

the role in which you identify with as the most important

• ex: A woman feels her role as a mother is more important than her role as a woman.

• overshadows other roles

role strain

stress or tension that arises from competing demands within a single social role

• ex: When a student has to write 2 papers, 8 million flashcards, 20 pages of PS KA, and 9 lab reports in a week

  • one role; multiple demands

role conflict

conflict between 2+ different statuses; the different statuses compete for someone's time

• ex: juggling EC's, friendships, school, research, clinical experience, volunteerism, and family relationships at the same time

role exit

when an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity and the process of establishing a new identity

• ex: frat bro → pre-med nerd

primary groups

closest members of the group to you; close intimate long-term relationships

• ex: core social group (parents, childhood friends, etc)

in-group

the group you are affiliated with based on identification

• ethnicity, nationality, gender, religion

secondary groups

formal, impersonal, temporary relationships based on a limited goal; short-term

dramaturgy

when interacting, people are assumed to act in accordance with the expectations of their audience people planned their conduct, want to guide and control how they’re seen, and act differently alone than in public

front stage of dramaturgy: […]

how we act when we are in a social setting

• ex: watching baseball with friends despite not liking baseball

back stage of dramaturgy

more private area of our lives, when the act is over

• ex: guy who said he loved baseball might come home and like watching cooking shows, cooking nice meals, hanging with his cat. nobody knows this about him.

impression management

attempt to control how others see us on the front stage; there are multiple front stages, and you have to play a different role every time

impression management development

Back stage

• Ex. putting on makeup, look in mirror and try different outfits is training area for impression management

discrimination

different treatment and harmful actions against minorities

individual discrimination? […]

person acting to discriminate based on something sex, religion, race, age

• ex: a science professor doesn't let women into his class

institutional discrimination

organization discriminating government, banks, schools

• ex: brown vs. board of education → Brown said these schools aren't equal, and Africans were being mistreated

unintentional discrimination

how policies can discriminate unintentionally

side-effect discrimination

when decisions in one area unintentionally produce discriminatory consequences in another, even if that wasn’t the intent

• ex: a small town where African Americans always get unfair verdict of guilty. Then while applying to a job later, don’t get the job because of record. criminal justice reached unfair verdict, and potential employers are swayed too.

past-in present discrimination

when discrimination from the past continues to have consequences in the present, even if current policies are technically neutral

prejudice

attitudes that prejudge a group

• ex: CEO doesn't think women are capable of running a team

making same assumptions about everyone in a group without considering their differences

discrimination vs prejudice

discrimination is actions are being taken on negative-attitude (prejudiced beliefs)

utilitarian organization

members are paid/rewarded for their efforts

• ex: businesses and govt. jobs

normative organization

when members come together through shared goals, or religious beliefs

coercive organizations

members don't have choice about membership

• ex: prison, military

bureaucrac

rules, structures, and rankings that guide organizations maximum efficiency

bureaucratization

process by which organizations become increasingly governed by laws and policy

iron rule of oligarchy

any human organization will inevitably become controlled by a ruling elite, no matter how democratic it is in the start

oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

McDonaldization

policies of fast food organizations have come to dominate other organizations of society efficiency, calculability, predictability, uniformity, and control

Max Weber [Studied what?] 5 main characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy, regardless of the goal of the organization

Max Weber Structure of Organizations 5 main characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy, regardless of the goal of the organization

conflict theory; Karl Marx

Max Weber is primarily related to ________ as his theory is an expansion of ________.

Max Weber's Division of Labor

people are trained to do specific tasks

can lead to: trained incapacity; workers are so specialized in tasks they lose touch with overall picture

Max Weber's Hierarchy of Organization

each position is under supervision of higher authority. not all people of an organization are equal

• ex: CEO, Manager, Assistant, Intern

Max Weber’s Written Rules and Regulations

key features of his theory of bureaucracy; formal, written policies and procedures that ensure consistency, predictability, and impartiality in decision-making.

goal displacement

rules become more important than goals of organization

Max Weber's Impersonality

how individuals and officials conduct activities in unbiased manners

Max Weber's Employment based on Technical Qualifications

hiring in bureaucracy is based on qualifications that the person has and not favoritism/personal rivalries

trained incapacity

workers are so trained they lose touch on the big picture

foraging

the search for food in animal's environment; can't survive or reproduce without it

solitary foraging

animal looks for food by itself

• ex: tigers

group foraging

animals look for food in groups

• ex: lions, can kill more/larger prey

genetics; learning

Foraging behavior is driven strongly by _______, can also be gained through ________.

auto-communication

can give information to themselves

• ex: bats and echolocation

anthropomorphism

attributing human characteristics to non-human animals

• ex: Cat sleeping with you because “they love us”

pheromones

animals communicate with chemical signals

random mating

all individuals within a species are equally likely to mate with each other large amount of genetic diversity… the fuck you think random mating is

assortative mating

non-random mating where individuals with certain phenotypes tend to mate with each other

• ex: large animals with large animals, small with small

dis-assortative mating

opposite of assortative mating -- situation where individuals with different or diverse traits mate

inclusive fitness

refers to the changes in a population that make it more likely for offspring of all members to succeed

evolutionary game theory

those best fit to the environment will survive and pass on to offspring; those genes will become more common in successive generations

resources; social behavior

Evolutionary Game Theory Predicts the availability of _______ and _______ behavior. Strategy of each individual depends on strategy exhibited by other players

macrosociology

looking at big phenomena that affect big portions of population

• ex: social structures, institutions, whole civilizations/populations

functionalism

looks at society as a whole and how institutions that make up the society adapt to keep society stable and functioning

conflict theory

most struggles in society happen because: conflicts between different social classes

macro

conflict theory and Functionalism are both: _______sociology

microsociology

face to face interactions

• ex: families, schools, social interactions

sybolic interactionsim

focuses on individuals and significance they put on things in their lives → form of microsociology

conservative view of institutions

institutions are natural by-products of human nature

progressive view of institutions

insitutions are artificial creations that need to be redesigned if they are not helpful

hidden curriculum

learning normative cultural values, socialization, etc typically not explicitly expressed = LATENT

ecclesia

dominant religious organizations that includes most members of society

• ex: Lutheranism in Sweden; Islam in Iran

modernization (in terms of religion)

more info available to public; less emphasis on religion

secularization

weakening of social and political power of religious organizations; usually as religious involvement declines

religious fundamentalism

reaction to secularization; push to go back to strict religious beliefs (often more extreme)

communism

classless, moneyless community where all property is owned by community

capitalism

private ownership of production with market economy based on supply/demand

socialism

motivated by what benefits society as a whole common ownership of production that focuses on human needs and economic demands