freedom

Ecology (1st Nine Weeks)

Study of interactions between organisms and their environment

Biosphere (1st Nine Weeks)

The entire planet including all ecosystems

Biome (1st Nine Weeks)

Large areas with similar climate and ecosystems

Ecosystem (1st Nine Weeks)

All living and nonliving things in an area

Community (1st Nine Weeks)

All organisms living in a specific area

Population (1st Nine Weeks)

Group of the same species in one area

Organism (1st Nine Weeks)

A single individual living thing

Biotic factor (1st Nine Weeks)

Living part of the environment like plants and animals

Abiotic factor (1st Nine Weeks)

Non-living part of the environment like water or air

Producer (1st Nine Weeks)

An organism that makes its own food

Consumer (1st Nine Weeks)

An organism that eats other organisms

Decomposer (1st Nine Weeks)

Organism that breaks down dead matter

Carnivore (1st Nine Weeks)

Eats only animals

Herbivore (1st Nine Weeks)

Eats only plants

Omnivore (1st Nine Weeks)

Eats plants and animals

Scavenger (1st Nine Weeks)

Eats dead animals

Food chain (1st Nine Weeks)

Shows one path of energy through an ecosystem

Food web (1st Nine Weeks)

Shows many connected food chains

Energy pyramid (1st Nine Weeks)

Shows energy transfer between trophic levels

10% Rule (1st Nine Weeks)

Only 10% of energy is passed to the next level

Photosynthesis (1st Nine Weeks)

Process of making food using sunlight

Photosynthesis formula (1st Nine Weeks)

CO₂ + H₂O + light → O₂ + glucose

Autotroph (1st Nine Weeks)

Makes its own food

Heterotroph (1st Nine Weeks)

Consumes other organisms for energy

Detritivore (1st Nine Weeks)

Eats dead organic material

Prokaryote (2nd Nine Weeks)

Simple cell with no nucleus, like bacteria

Eukaryote (2nd Nine Weeks)

Complex cell with nucleus and organelles

Cell membrane (2nd Nine Weeks)

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus (2nd Nine Weeks)

Controls cell activities; contains DNA

Cytoplasm (2nd Nine Weeks)

Gel-like substance where organelles float

Mitochondria (2nd Nine Weeks)

Produces energy (ATP) for the cell

Chloroplast (2nd Nine Weeks)

Organelle for photosynthesis in plant cells

Ribosome (2nd Nine Weeks)

Makes proteins

Smooth ER (2nd Nine Weeks)

Makes lipids and detoxifies

Rough ER (2nd Nine Weeks)

Has ribosomes; makes proteins

Golgi apparatus (2nd Nine Weeks)

Packages and ships proteins

Lysosome (2nd Nine Weeks)

Breaks down waste

Vacuole (2nd Nine Weeks)

Stores water and nutrients

Osmosis (2nd Nine Weeks)

Diffusion of water

Diffusion (2nd Nine Weeks)

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Active transport (2nd Nine Weeks)

Uses energy to move molecules

Passive transport (2nd Nine Weeks)

Does not require energy

Hypotonic solution (2nd Nine Weeks)

Water enters the cell; may burst

Hypertonic solution (2nd Nine Weeks)

Water leaves the cell; may shrink

Isotonic solution (2nd Nine Weeks)

Equal movement of water in and out

Photosynthesis reactants (2nd Nine Weeks)

Carbon dioxide, water, light

Photosynthesis products (2nd Nine Weeks)

Glucose and oxygen

ATP (2nd Nine Weeks)

Energy currency of the cell

Cell theory (2nd Nine Weeks)

All living things are made of cells

Homeostasis (2nd Nine Weeks)

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Prophase (3rd Nine Weeks)

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks

Metaphase (3rd Nine Weeks)

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase (3rd Nine Weeks)

Chromatids are pulled apart

Telophase (3rd Nine Weeks)

New nuclear membranes form

Cytokinesis (3rd Nine Weeks)

Cytoplasm divides, creating two cells

Interphase (3rd Nine Weeks)

Cell grows and DNA replicates

Mitosis (3rd Nine Weeks)

Division of nucleus; makes body cells

Meiosis (3rd Nine Weeks)

Makes sex cells; reduces chromosome number

Haploid (3rd Nine Weeks)

Half the number of chromosomes

Diploid (3rd Nine Weeks)

Full set of chromosomes

Crossing over (3rd Nine Weeks)

Exchange of DNA during meiosis

Gamete (3rd Nine Weeks)

Sex cell (sperm or egg)

Zygote (3rd Nine Weeks)

Fertilized egg

Autosome (3rd Nine Weeks)

Non-sex chromosome

Sex chromosome (3rd Nine Weeks)

X or Y chromosome

Cancer (3rd Nine Weeks)

Uncontrolled cell growth

Tumor (3rd Nine Weeks)

Mass of abnormal cells

Spindle fibers (3rd Nine Weeks)

Move chromosomes during cell division

Chromosome (3rd Nine Weeks)

DNA wound into a structure for cell division

Chromatid (3rd Nine Weeks)

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere (3rd Nine Weeks)

Joins sister chromatids

Mutation (3rd Nine Weeks)

Change in DNA

Gene (3rd Nine Weeks)

A segment of DNA coding for a trait

Allele (3rd Nine Weeks)

Different forms of a gene

Cell cycle (3rd Nine Weeks)

Series of events in cell growth and division

Natural selection (4th Nine Weeks)

Best adapted organisms survive and reproduce

Adaptation (4th Nine Weeks)

Trait that helps an organism survive

Artificial selection (4th Nine Weeks)

Humans breeding organisms for traits

Variation (4th Nine Weeks)

Differences in traits

Survival of the fittest (4th Nine Weeks)

Most adapted organisms pass on traits

Mutation (4th Nine Weeks)

Source of new traits in a population

Common ancestor (4th Nine Weeks)

Shared ancestor of different species

Homologous structures (4th Nine Weeks)

Similar structure, common ancestor

Analogous structures (4th Nine Weeks)

Same function, different origin

Vestigial structure (4th Nine Weeks)

No longer useful, from ancestors

Fossil record (4th Nine Weeks)

Historical remains of life

Comparative anatomy (4th Nine Weeks)

Comparing body parts for evolutionary links

Biogeography (4th Nine Weeks)

Study of location of organisms

Embryology (4th Nine Weeks)

Study of embryos for evolutionary clues

Directional selection (4th Nine Weeks)

Favors one extreme trait

Stabilizing selection (4th Nine Weeks)

Favors average traits

Disruptive selection (4th Nine Weeks)

Favors both extremes

Darwin (4th Nine Weeks)

Scientist who proposed natural selection

Lamarck (4th Nine Weeks)

Thought acquired traits could be inherited

Malthus (4th Nine Weeks)

Predicted overpopulation causes struggle

Lyell (4th Nine Weeks)

Said Earth changes slowly over time

Fitness (4th Nine Weeks)

Ability to survive and reproduce

Species (4th Nine Weeks)

Group that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Speciation (4th Nine Weeks)

Formation of new species

Genetic drift (4th Nine Weeks)

Change in allele frequency by chance