hostile aggression
behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility
instrumental aggression
behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility
attracting attention, acquiring wealth, or advancing in political and ideological causes
dehumanization
the attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other than ones own
culture of honor
a culture defined by its members’ strong concerns about their own and others’ reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong
rape-prone culture
a culture in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, or as a threat against women to keep them subservient to men
festintnger, schachter, and back (1950)
260 married veterans
does living near someone make them a close friend?
the closer someone is, the more likely they are to be seen as a friend
functional distance
the influence of an architectural layout to encourage or inhibit certain activities, including contact between two people
mere exposure effect
zajonc (1968)
repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object or person, leads to greater liking of the stimulus
halo effect
attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
complementarity
the tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from, and compliment, their own
reproductive fitness
the capacity to pass on ones genes to subsequent generations
gunell and ceci (2010)
attractive defendants get a lighter sentence
dion et al (1972)
good looking people= halo effect
attractiveness
symmetry is attractive→ higher genetic fitness
average is attractive
similarity is attractive
aronson, wilkerman, and floyd (1966)
ps listened to tape-recorded session which a stimulus person was…
schwartz (2013)
tendency for people to get into relationships with those close to us
inclusive fitness
the fitness of an individual is based on reproductive success and the passing of ones own genes and those of relatives to future generations
precarious manhood hypothesis
a mans gender identity of strength and toughness may be lost under various conditions and such loss can trigger aggressive behavior
reactive devaluation
attaching less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it
“bogus stranger” paradigm
byrne, 1961
tan and singh 1995
ps are given the responses to attitude or personality questionnaires supposedly filled out by
more similar= more attraction
walster et al 1996
people select partners “in their league”
roughly similar in attractiveness
zajonc et al 1987
looked at couples after 25 years together
looked more similar than they did as newlyweds
kleike et all 1986
approach study
-direct
-indirect
-cute/flippant
stereotypes
a belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group
when men approach
indirect and direct = worked
cute/flippant = did not work
when women approached
they all worked
kelley et al 1983
a close relationship is one of strong, frequent, and diverse interdependence
communal relationship
individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and give and receive according to the principle of need
often long term
exchange relationship
individuals feel little responsibility toward one another; giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equality and reciprocity
often short term
social exchange theory
how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards
comparison level
expectations people have about what they think thy deserve of expect to get out of a relationship
comparison level for alternatives
expectations people have about what they can get out of available, alternative relationships
equity theory
people are motivated to pursue fairness in their relationships. a relationship is considered equitable when the benefits are proportionate to the effort both people put into it
attachment theory
early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a persons whole life
avoidance dimension of attachment
captures the degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence on relationship partners
anxiety dimension of attachment
captures the degree to which a person is worried about rejection and abandonment by relationship partners
investment model of commitment
a model of interpersonal relationships maintaining that three determinants make partners more committed to each other
relationship satisfaction, few alternative partners, and investments in a relationship
cognitive perspective
the frequent conflict between people’s consciously held beliefs and values and their quick, reflexive, sometimes subconscious reactions to members of other groups
motivational perspective
emphasizes the psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict
economic perspective
identifies the roots of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can set groups apart from one another
prejudice
an attitude or affective response (positive or negative) toward a group and its individual members
discrimination
favorable or unfavorable treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
modern racism
prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
implicit association test (IAT)
a technique for revealing nonconscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people
priming
the presentation of information designed to activate a concept (such as a stereotype) and hence make it accessible.
prime
the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question
affect misattribution procedure (AMP)
a priming procedure designed to assess peoples implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethical, racial, occupational, and lifestyle groups
realistic group conflict theory
a theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources
ethnocentrism
glorifying ones own group while vilifying other groups
superordinate goals
a goal that transcends the interests of any one group and can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together
gottman and levenson 1992, 1999
conflict discussion task
videotaped married couple in intense conversation about conflict in their relationship
researchers coded them for anger, criticism, contempt, and positive behaviors
4 most harmful behaviors
criticism
defensiveness
stonewalling
contempt
creating stronger bonds
capitalizing on the good (gabe et al, 2004)
being playful (aron et al, 2000) ( kurtz and algoe 2015)
misattribution of arousal
being in love= lust, passion
directly tied to the person
or
derived from another source (external activities)
dutton and aron 1974
female researcher crossed a shaky bridge or a sturdy bridge, then asked people people who had done the same to take a survey. researcher offered her number at the end
more people (almost 1/2) called after shaky bridge. stable was roughly10%
investment model of relationships rasbult 1980, 1983, rasbult, agnew, and arriaga 2012
people are less likely to leave a relationship even if it is unsatisfying based on how much they put in to the relationship
relationship satisfaction→ costs, rewards, comparison level
investments → kids, mortgages
comparison for alternatives
abusive relationship study
collected behavior info (did women return to their relationship?)
1/3 never returned
1/3 did after a year
1/3 did after 3 months
minimal group paradigm
an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria, then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are inclined to behave toward one another
social identity theory
the idea that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments of the various groups to which a person belongs
basking in reflected glory
taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in ones group. such as when sports fans identify with a winning team
paired distinctiveness
the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together
subtyping
explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole
outgroup homogeneity effect
the tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for out groups than in groups
own-race identification bias
the tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races
stereotype threat
the fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have about ones group
contact hypothesis
the proposition the prejudice can be reduced by putting members of majority and minority groups in frequent contact with each other
Staub 1989
ingroup vs outgroup distinctions
scapegoats
bystanders
→ genocide arises from a pattern rather than a single occurance
aggression
behavior that is intended to harm another individual who wishes to avoid that harm
frustration-aggression theory principle 1
greater the frustration, greater the likelihood of aggression
frustration-aggression theory principle 2
prefer to aggress against the source of frustration but aggression can be displaced onto a similar or easy target
social learning theory
people can learn the nuances of aggression through direct experience or by observing others
huesmann et al 2003
chicago-area children aged 6-9 exposed to TV violence in 1977 and followed up 15 years later
males = .21
females = .19
altruism
prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself
social reward
a benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior
personal distress
a motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distress
empathic concern
identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person
volunteerism
assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation
bystander intervention
assistance given by a witness to someone in need
diffusion of responsibility
a reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in an emergency or dangerous situation, based on the assumption that others who are present will help
kin selection
an evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives, even at a cost to one’s own survival and reproduction
reciprocal altruism
helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future
anderson and dill 2000
ps play violent videogames or nonviolent videogames
DV: aggressive thoughts
anderson- geographic region effects
260 cities
number of days above 90
number of hot days → elevated violent crime
anderson- time period effects
hotter years, months, and days have more violent crimes
ostracism
being ignored and excluded
cyberball study
williams, cheung, and chi 2000
williams 1997
ps pass a ball to 2 confederates. virtually
eisenberger, williams, and lieberman 2003
FMRI cyberball study
found that the anterior cingulate cortex lights up when experiencing social exclusion
asshole study
ps is bumped and called an asshole
southerners more likely to get angry