Social psych exam 3

hostile aggression

behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility

instrumental aggression

behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility

attracting attention, acquiring wealth, or advancing in political and ideological causes

dehumanization

the attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other than ones own

culture of honor

a culture defined by its members’ strong concerns about their own and others’ reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong

rape-prone culture

a culture in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, or as a threat against women to keep them subservient to men

festintnger, schachter, and back (1950)

260 married veterans

does living near someone make them a close friend?

the closer someone is, the more likely they are to be seen as a friend

functional distance

the influence of an architectural layout to encourage or inhibit certain activities, including contact between two people

mere exposure effect

zajonc (1968)

repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object or person, leads to greater liking of the stimulus

halo effect

attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

complementarity

the tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from, and compliment, their own

reproductive fitness

the capacity to pass on ones genes to subsequent generations

gunell and ceci (2010)

attractive defendants get a lighter sentence

dion et al (1972)

good looking people= halo effect

attractiveness

symmetry is attractive→ higher genetic fitness

average is attractive

similarity is attractive

aronson, wilkerman, and floyd (1966)

ps listened to tape-recorded session which a stimulus person was…

schwartz (2013)

tendency for people to get into relationships with those close to us

inclusive fitness

the fitness of an individual is based on reproductive success and the passing of ones own genes and those of relatives to future generations

precarious manhood hypothesis

a mans gender identity of strength and toughness may be lost under various conditions and such loss can trigger aggressive behavior

reactive devaluation

attaching less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it

“bogus stranger” paradigm

byrne, 1961

tan and singh 1995

ps are given the responses to attitude or personality questionnaires supposedly filled out by

more similar= more attraction

walster et al 1996

people select partners “in their league”

roughly similar in attractiveness

zajonc et al 1987

looked at couples after 25 years together

looked more similar than they did as newlyweds

kleike et all 1986

approach study

\-direct

\-indirect

\-cute/flippant

stereotypes

a belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group

when men approach

indirect and direct = worked

cute/flippant = did not work

when women approached

they all worked

kelley et al 1983

a close relationship is one of strong, frequent, and diverse interdependence

communal relationship

individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and give and receive according to the principle of need

often long term

exchange relationship

individuals feel little responsibility toward one another; giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equality and reciprocity

often short term

social exchange theory

\
how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards

\
comparison level

expectations people have about what they think thy deserve of expect to get out of a relationship

comparison level for alternatives

expectations people have about what they can get out of available, alternative relationships

equity theory

\
people are motivated to pursue fairness in their relationships. a relationship is considered equitable when the benefits are proportionate to the effort both people put into it

attachment theory

\
early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a persons whole life

avoidance dimension of attachment

captures the degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence on relationship partners

anxiety dimension of attachment

captures the degree to which a person is worried about rejection and abandonment by relationship partners

investment model of commitment

a model of interpersonal relationships maintaining that three determinants make partners more committed to each other

relationship satisfaction, few alternative partners, and investments in a relationship

cognitive perspective

the frequent conflict between people’s consciously held beliefs and values and their quick, reflexive, sometimes subconscious reactions to members of other groups

motivational perspective

emphasizes the psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict

economic perspective

identifies the roots of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can set groups apart from one another

prejudice

an attitude or affective response (positive or negative) toward a group and its individual members

discrimination

favorable or unfavorable treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group

modern racism

prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

implicit association test (IAT)

a technique for revealing nonconscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people

priming

the presentation of information designed to activate a concept (such as a stereotype) and hence make it accessible.

prime

the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question

affect misattribution procedure (AMP)

a priming procedure designed to assess peoples implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethical, racial, occupational, and lifestyle groups

realistic group conflict theory

a theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

ethnocentrism

glorifying ones own group while vilifying other groups

superordinate goals

a goal that transcends the interests of any one group and can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

gottman and levenson 1992, 1999

conflict discussion task

videotaped married couple in intense conversation about conflict in their relationship

researchers coded them for anger, criticism, contempt, and positive behaviors

4 most harmful behaviors

criticism

defensiveness

stonewalling

contempt

creating stronger bonds

capitalizing on the good (gabe et al, 2004)

being playful (aron et al, 2000) ( kurtz and algoe 2015)

misattribution of arousal

being in love= lust, passion

directly tied to the person

or

derived from another source (external activities)

dutton and aron 1974

female researcher crossed a shaky bridge or a sturdy bridge, then asked people people who had done the same to take a survey. researcher offered her number at the end

more people (almost 1/2) called after shaky bridge. stable was roughly10%

investment model of relationships rasbult 1980, 1983, rasbult, agnew, and arriaga 2012

people are less likely to leave a relationship even if it is unsatisfying based on how much they put in to the relationship

relationship satisfaction→ costs, rewards, comparison level

investments → kids, mortgages

comparison for alternatives

abusive relationship study

collected behavior info (did women return to their relationship?)

1/3 never returned

1/3 did after a year

1/3 did after 3 months

minimal group paradigm

an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria, then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are inclined to behave toward one another

social identity theory

the idea that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments of the various groups to which a person belongs

basking in reflected glory

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in ones group. such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

paired distinctiveness

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together

subtyping

explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

outgroup homogeneity effect

the tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for out groups than in groups

own-race identification bias

the tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races

stereotype threat

the fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have about ones group

contact hypothesis

the proposition the prejudice can be reduced by putting members of majority and minority groups in frequent contact with each other

Staub 1989

ingroup vs outgroup distinctions

scapegoats

bystanders

→ genocide arises from a pattern rather than a single occurance

aggression

behavior that is intended to harm another individual who wishes to avoid that harm

frustration-aggression theory principle 1

greater the frustration, greater the likelihood of aggression

frustration-aggression theory principle 2

prefer to aggress against the source of frustration but aggression can be displaced onto a similar or easy target

social learning theory

people can learn the nuances of aggression through direct experience or by observing others

huesmann et al 2003

chicago-area children aged 6-9 exposed to TV violence in 1977 and followed up 15 years later

males = .21

females = .19

altruism

prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself

social reward

a benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior

personal distress

a motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distress

empathic concern

identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person

volunteerism

assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation

bystander intervention

assistance given by a witness to someone in need

diffusion of responsibility

a reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in an emergency or dangerous situation, based on the assumption that others who are present will help

kin selection

an evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives, even at a cost to one’s own survival and reproduction

reciprocal altruism

helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future

anderson and dill 2000

ps play violent videogames or nonviolent videogames

DV: aggressive thoughts

anderson- geographic region effects

260 cities

number of days above 90

number of hot days → elevated violent crime

anderson- time period effects

hotter years, months, and days have more violent crimes

ostracism

being ignored and excluded

cyberball study

williams, cheung, and chi 2000

williams 1997

ps pass a ball to 2 confederates. virtually

eisenberger, williams, and lieberman 2003

FMRI cyberball study

found that the anterior cingulate cortex lights up when experiencing social exclusion

asshole study

ps is bumped and called an asshole

southerners more likely to get angry