final uc berkeley

Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of federal government (period 9)

-- Differing ideologies: Conservatives favored limited government, individual liberty; liberals supported social safety nets, regulation.
-- Economic shifts: Debates over taxation, government spending, and the role of the federal government in managing the economy.
-- Social issues: Disagreements on issues like abortion, LGBTQ+ rights, and education led to debates about federal versus state authority.
-- Political polarization: Increased partisanship intensified debates over the size and scope of government.
-- Specific examples: Welfare reform debates in the 1990s, Affordable Care Act, environmental regulations.

Who won the election of 1980? (period 9)

-- Ronald Reagan won.
-- Defeated incumbent Jimmy Carter.

What were Regan’s plan and the new right? (period 9)

-- Reagan's plan: Reduce government spending, lower taxes, free markets, strong national defense.
-- New Right: Conservative movement emphasizing traditional values, religious morality, anti-communism.
-- Key figures: Jerry Falwell, Phyllis Schlafly.

How was Regan’s election a form of rejection from the liberalism movements prior to the 1980s? (period 9)

-- Reaction to perceived failures of Great Society programs.
-- Growing dissatisfaction with government intervention and high taxes.
-- Rise of conservative ideology challenging liberal consensus of the 1960s and 1970s.
-- Examples: Taxpayer revolts (Proposition 13), backlash against counterculture.

What is reaganomics? (period 9)

-- Supply-side economics.
-- Tax cuts for corporations and wealthy individuals to stimulate investment.
-- Deregulation of industries.
-- Reduced government spending.

How does Reaganomics differ from Keynesian economics? (period 9)

-- Reaganomics: Focus on supply (production) through tax cuts and deregulation.
-- Keynesian: Focus on demand through government spending and intervention during recessions.
-- Different approaches to economic stimulus and government role.

What is the economic recovery act? (period 9)

-- Major tax cut legislation signed in 1981.
-- Reduced individual and corporate income tax rates.
-- Aimed to boost economic growth.

How do president Hoover and Reaganomics share similar economic theories? (period 9)

-- Both favored limited government intervention in the economy.
-- Believed in the power of free markets and private sector to drive growth.
-- Hoover's response to the Great Depression involved some tax cuts and limited federal action initially, similar in principle to Reagan's approach of reducing government's role.

What did Regan focus his federal spending on? (period 9)

-- Military buildup: Increased defense budget significantly.
-- Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars").

What is deregulation? (period 9)

-- Reduction or elimination of government rules and regulations on businesses.
-- Aimed to increase efficiency and competition.
-- Examples: Deregulation of airlines, telecommunications.

Establish a continuity with Regan’s appointment of conservative judges (period 9)

-- Long-term impact on the judiciary.
-- Shift towards a more conservative interpretation of the Constitution.
-- Appointments like Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia.
-- Continuity with Nixon's "strict constructionist" judicial appointments.

What are the ways that Regan ended the cold war? (period 9)

-- Increased military pressure on the Soviet Union.
-- Strong rhetoric against communism ("evil empire").
-- Diplomatic engagement with Gorbachev.
-- Support for dissident movements in Eastern Europe.

What is detente? (period 9)

-- Relaxation of tensions between the US and Soviet Union in the 1970s.
-- Contrasted with Reagan's more confrontational approach initially.

What is the Reagan doctrine? (period 9)

-- Supporting anti-communist insurgencies around the world.
-- Aimed to roll back Soviet influence.
-- Examples: Support for the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, Contras in Nicaragua.

What is the Iran-Contra affair? Why was it so controversial? (period 9)

-- Secret arms sales to Iran in exchange for American hostages.
-- Funds from the sales diverted to support the Contras in Nicaragua, violating congressional ban.
-- Controversial due to illegality, secrecy, and undermining democratic processes.

What is the Star Wars project? (period 9)

-- Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).
-- Proposed space-based missile defense system.
-- Controversial due to cost and feasibility.
-- Increased pressure on the Soviet Union to compete militarily.

How did the Soviet Union fall? (period 9)

-- Economic stagnation and internal problems.
-- Gorbachev's reforms (glasnost and perestroika).
-- Growing nationalist movements in Soviet republics.
-- Loss of control over Eastern European satellite states.

Explain the causes and effects of economic and technological change over time (period 9)

-- Causes: Innovation in computing, internet, globalization, automation.
-- Effects: Shift from manufacturing to service economy, increased productivity, new industries, economic inequality, global interconnectedness.

What is the significance of the digital revolution? (period 9)

-- Transformation of communication, information access, and commerce.
-- Rise of computers, internet, and mobile technologies.
-- Fundamentally reshaped society and economy.

How has the development of the internet altered American life? (period 9)

-- Revolutionized communication and social interaction.
-- Increased access to information and education.
-- Transformed business and commerce (e-commerce).
-- Created new forms of entertainment and media.

Why has the digital revolution not brought a significant standard of living increase for all? (period 9)

-- Automation and job displacement in some sectors.
-- Growing skills gap and need for new types of education.
-- Concentration of wealth in tech industries.
-- Globalization and competition for jobs.

Why has manufacturing decreased? (period 9)

-- Automation and technological advancements increased efficiency with fewer workers.
-- Globalization and outsourcing of production to countries with lower labor costs.
-- Shift towards a service-based economy.

What is the service sector? (period 9)

-- Part of the economy focused on providing services rather than producing goods.
-- Examples: Healthcare, education, retail, finance, technology support.
-- Became the dominant sector in the US economy.

Why is there such a huge gap between the 1% and middle class? (period 9)

-- Decline in manufacturing jobs and rise of lower-paying service jobs.
-- Tax policies favoring the wealthy.
-- Globalization and increased competition.
-- Decline of unionization.
-- Increased returns to capital versus labor.

Explain the causes and effects of domestic and international migration over time (period 9)

-- Causes: Economic opportunities, political instability, social unrest, family reunification.
-- Effects: Demographic shifts, cultural changes, debates over immigration policy, economic impacts (both positive and negative).

Why was the migration to sun belt states a controversial political issue? (period 9)

-- Shift in political power from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West.
-- Reapportionment of congressional seats.
-- Debates over resource allocation and infrastructure in growing regions.
-- Different political cultures and ideologies.

What happened on 9/11, what was it’s significance towards national identity? (period 9)

-- Terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and Pentagon.
-- Significant loss of life and destruction.
-- Led to a surge in national unity and patriotism.
-- Shift in focus towards national security and the "War on Terror."

What is the problem with George W. Bush’s “war on terror” (period 9)

-- Unclear objectives and prolonged military engagements.
-- Debates over the balance between security and civil liberties.
-- Unintended consequences, such as the rise of new extremist groups.
-- High financial and human costs.

How does Bush’s declaration of war contrast previous American war involvement? (period 9)

-- War against a tactic (terrorism) rather than a specific nation-state.
-- Global scope and open-ended nature.
-- Preemptive military action and regime change.

What are the patriot acts? How does this contrast the 1st amendment? What other similar events show continuity of government control in American’s private lives? (period 9)

-- Patriot Act: Legislation passed after 9/11 to enhance government surveillance powers.
-- Contrast with 1st Amendment: Concerns over free speech, association, and privacy due to increased monitoring.
-- Similar events: Alien and Sedition Acts, Espionage Act of 1917, surveillance during the Cold War.

How did the debates of America's dependence on oil cause war? (period 9)

-- US involvement in the Middle East to secure oil supplies.
-- Persian Gulf War (1991) related to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, a major oil producer.
-- Ongoing debates about energy independence and foreign policy.

How does climate change support show continuity with other environmental advocates? (period 9)

-- Builds upon decades of environmental activism and awareness.
-- Similar concerns about pollution, resource depletion, and ecological damage.
-- Continuity in advocacy for government regulation and international cooperation.
-- Examples: Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring," environmental movement of the 1970

Explain the continuities and changes in cold war policies (period 8)

-- Continuity: Focus on containing communism.
-- Continuity: Reliance on military alliances (NATO).
-- Change: From "massive retaliation" (Eisenhower) to "flexible response" (Kennedy).
-- Change: Increased diplomatic engagement alongside military buildup (détente under Nixon).

What is the cold war? Define it (period 8)

-- Ideological and geopolitical rivalry.
-- Between the United States and the Soviet Union.
-- No direct large-scale military conflict.
-- Characterized by proxy wars, arms race, and espionage.

What revolution led to the rise of communism? (period 8)

-- The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917).
-- Led by Vladimir Lenin.
-- Established the first communist state.

What's the problem of the cold war in relation to government philosophies? (period 8)

-- Clash between democracy/capitalism (US) and communism/authoritarianism (USSR).
-- Fundamental disagreement on how society and government should be organized.
-- Differing views on individual liberties versus state control.

What is the problem Stalin had in European affairs that had been discussed in the yalta conference? (period 8)

-- Stalin wanted a buffer zone of communist-controlled states in Eastern Europe.
-- Allies (US, Britain) advocated for self-determination and free elections.
-- Yalta Conference (1945) saw uneasy compromises on this issue.

Compare the different ideas that allies and the soviet union had about the plans of germany (period 8)

-- Allies favored demilitarization and eventual reunification of Germany.
-- Soviet Union desired a permanently weakened Germany and significant reparations.
-- These conflicting visions contributed to the division of Germany.

What is the iron curtain? (period 8)

-- Term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946.
-- Symbolic division of Europe.
-- Between the democratic West and the communist East.

Explain the significance of the iron curtain (period 8)

-- Represented the growing ideological divide.
-- Limited contact and exchange between East and West.
-- Solidified the two opposing blocs of the Cold War.

What is the idea of containment? (period 8)

-- US foreign policy strategy.
-- Aimed at preventing the spread of communism.
-- Articulated in George Kennan's "Long Telegram."

What is the relation of containment to the Truman doctrine? (period 8)

-- Truman Doctrine (1947) put containment into action.
-- Provided aid to Greece and Turkey to resist communist influence.
-- First major application of the containment policy.

What was the reason for the Berlin Blockade? What is the response to it? (period 8)

-- Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin in 1948.
-- Attempt to force the Allies out of the city.
-- US and allies responded with the Berlin Airlift.
-- Massive airlift of supplies to West Berlin until the blockade ended.

What is NATO? What was created in retaliation? (period 8)

-- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949).
-- Military alliance of Western nations for collective defense.
-- Warsaw Pact (1955) created by the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies in response.

What was the arms race between America and the Soviet union? (period 8)

-- Competition to develop superior weapons.
-- Nuclear weapons were a central focus.
-- Both sides built up massive arsenals.

How did this develop tensions? (period 8)

-- Created a climate of fear and suspicion.
-- Increased the risk of nuclear war.
-- Led to costly military spending.

What are proxy wars? (period 8)

-- Conflicts where major powers support opposing sides.
-- Avoid direct confrontation with each other.
-- Common feature of the Cold War.

Explain the significance of the proxy wars, (korean war, vietnam war) (period 8)

-- Korean War (1950-1953): First major proxy war, ended in stalemate, divided Korea.
-- Vietnam War (1955-1975): Long and costly conflict, US involvement deeply divisive, communist victory.
-- Demonstrated the global reach of Cold War tensions.

Explain the causes and effects of the red scare (period 8)

-- Cause: Fear of communist infiltration in the US.
-- Cause: Rise of communist regimes abroad.
-- Effect: Anti-communist hysteria and suspicion.
-- Effect: Blacklisting and persecution of suspected communists.

What is the second red scare? (period 8)

-- Period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the late 1940s and 1950s.
-- Fueled by the Cold War and Soviet espionage.
-- Senator Joseph McCarthy played a prominent role.

What is the taft-hartley act? What's the significance of it? (period 8)

-- 1947 law restricting the power of labor unions.
-- Allowed states to pass "right-to-work" laws.
-- Significance: Reflected a shift towards a more conservative stance on labor.

How does the creation of HUAC relate to America's anti-communist ideas? (period 8)

-- House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).
-- Congressional committee that investigated suspected communist activities.
-- Symbolized the widespread fear of communism in the US.

What is the Hollywood ten? (period 8)

-- Group of ten filmmakers subpoenaed by HUAC.
-- Refused to testify about alleged communist ties.
-- Blacklisted by the Hollywood studios.

Who is Joseph Mccarthy? What is the significance of Mccarthyism? (period 8)

-- Republican senator from Wisconsin.
-- Led a public crusade against alleged communists in government.
-- McCarthyism: Reckless accusations of disloyalty without evidence.
-- Created a climate of fear and stifled dissent.

What is the Rosenberg case? (period 8)

-- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
-- American citizens accused of spying for the Soviet Union.
-- Convicted of espionage and executed in 1953.
-- Highly controversial case, raising questions about the fairness of the trial.

How was the economy during the 1950s positive? (period 8)

-- Period of significant economic growth.
-- Increased consumer spending.
-- Expansion of the middle class.
-- Low unemployment rates.

What is the Gi Bill? (period 8)

-- Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.
-- Provided benefits to World War II veterans.
-- Included low-interest loans for homes and businesses.
-- Funded education and job training.
-- Significant factor in postwar economic expansion.

What is the baby boom? (period 8)

-- Post-World War II increase in birth rates.
-- Roughly from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.
-- Created a large generation that significantly impacted American society.

What is the significance of suburbanization? How did this affect the city's population? (period 8)

-- Mass migration from cities to suburbs.
-- Driven by affordable housing, automobiles, and the GI Bill.
-- Led to a decline in the population and tax base of many cities.

What is levittown? (period 8)

-- One of the earliest and most famous suburban developments.
-- Pioneered mass-produced, affordable housing.
-- Located on Long Island, New York.

What is the interstate highway act? (period 8)

-- Federal legislation in 1956.
-- Created a vast network of highways across the US.
-- Facilitated suburban growth and increased mobility.
-- Had a significant impact on transportation and the economy.

What were the reasons for migration towards the sun belt? (period 8)

-- Warmer climate.
-- Availability of jobs in growing industries (e.g., aerospace, oil).
-- Lower cost of living in some areas.

Why was there an adjustment of spending towards the south, and previously, what region did most of the spending go to? (period 8)

-- Increased federal investment in the South during the Cold War.
-- Military bases and defense industries located in the Sun Belt.
-- Previously, much of the federal spending related to industrialization and infrastructure was concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest.

What is mass culture? How does mass culture relate to mccarthyism? (period 8)

-- Mass culture: Widespread consumption of similar media and products.
-- Spread through television, advertising, and popular music.
-- McCarthyism exploited fears of conformity and "un-American" ideas potentially spread through mass culture.

How did TV spread culture? (period 8)

-- Provided a shared entertainment experience.
-- Standardized cultural norms and values.
-- Became a powerful medium for advertising and shaping public opinion.

What are credit cards? Significance of it during the era? (period 8)

-- Introduced in the 1950s.
-- Allowed consumers to buy goods and services on credit.
-- Fueled consumer spending and contributed to economic growth.

Explain how and why the civil rights movement developed and expanded (period 8)

-- Legacy of slavery and Jim Crow laws created deep-seated inequality.
-- World War II exposed the hypocrisy of fighting for democracy abroad while denying it at home.
-- Increased awareness of racial injustice through media.
-- Leadership of figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and organizations like the NAACP.
-- Grassroots activism and nonviolent resistance.
-- Supreme Court decisions like Brown v. Board.

Contextualize what racial segregation was like due to the jim crow laws, poll taxes, and literacy tests (period 8)

-- Jim Crow laws enforced strict racial segregation in the South.
-- Separate facilities (schools, restrooms, transportation).
-- Poll taxes and literacy tests disenfranchised African American voters.
-- Systemic denial of basic rights and opportunities.

What is the significance of the executive order 9981? (period 8)

-- Issued by President Truman in 1948.
-- Desegregated the US armed forces.
-- A significant early step in the civil rights movement.

What is the 24th amendment? (period 8)

-- Ratified in 1964.
-- Abolished poll taxes in federal elections.
-- Expanded voting rights for African Americans.

What is the significance of Brown v Board of education? List the case Brown v Board contradicted the ruling of (period 8)

-- 1954 Supreme Court decision.
-- Ruled state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
-- Overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Explain how brown v board shows a development of civil rights (period 8)

-- Marked a major legal victory for the civil rights movement.
-- Challenged the legal basis of segregation.
-- Paved the way for further desegregation efforts.

What was the loophole with the “delibert speed” issue that southern states used? (period 8)

-- Brown II (1955) called for desegregation "with all deliberate speed."
-- Southern states interpreted this vaguely and used it to delay desegregation for years.

What is the southern manifesto? (period 8)

-- 1956 statement signed by many Southern congressmen.
-- Opposed the Brown v. Board decision.
-- Argued that the federal government had overstepped its authority.

What is the significance of Little Rock Nine? How does federal intervention against Orval Faubus show a development? (period 8)

-- 1957 incident in Little Rock, Arkansas.
-- Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering a white high school.
-- President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce desegregation.
-- Showed the federal government's willingness to intervene to uphold civil rights.

What is the causation of decolonization? (period 8)

-- Weakening of European powers after World War II.
-- Rise of nationalist movements in colonized regions.
-- Influence of the Cold War as both US and USSR supported anti-colonial movements (for their own gain).

How did this affect the communist/democratic competition? (period 8)

-- Newly independent nations became battlegrounds for influence.
-- Both the US and USSR sought to align these nations with their ideologies.
-- Led to proxy conflicts and instability in many parts of the world.

What was the problem with Fidel Castro’s seat in government in cuba? (period 8)

-- Fidel Castro overthrew the US-backed Batista regime in 1959.
-- Established a communist government.
-- This was seen as a threat to US interests and security in the Western Hemisphere.

What did the U.S. plan to do? (period 8)

-- The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) planned and supported an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles.

Why was the Bay of pigs failure such a big problem? (period 8)

-- 1961 invasion was a complete failure.
-- Greatly embarrassed the Kennedy administration.
-- Strengthened Castro's regime and its ties with the Soviet Union.

What is the significance of the Cuban missile crisis? (period 8)

-- 1962 confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union.
-- Soviets had secretly deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba.
-- Brought the world to the brink of nuclear war.
-- Resolved through tense negotiations and a US blockade of Cuba.

What was the problem America had with the midwest? (period 8)

-- The question is unclear. Please provide more context.

What was the domino theory and its relation to anti-communism? (period 8)

-- Belief that if one country in a region fell to communism, surrounding countries would follow.
-- Used to justify US intervention in Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam.
-- Rooted in the fear of communist expansion.

Explain the cause and effects of the vietnam war (period 8)

-- Causes: US commitment to containment, domino theory, support for South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam.
-- Effects: Heavy US casualties and financial cost.
-- Effects: Deep divisions within American society.
-- Effects: Communist victory and unification of Vietnam.
-- Effects: Erosion of public trust in the government.

Who is Ho Chi Minh? (period 8)

-- Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader.
-- Led the fight for Vietnamese independence from French colonial rule.
-- President of North Vietnam.

What is the gulf of tonkin? (period 8)

-- Incident in 1964 involving alleged attacks on US Navy ships by North Vietnamese forces.
-- Used by President Johnson as justification for increased US involvement in Vietnam.
-- The accuracy of the US account of the incident has been questioned.

What is the war powers resolution? Explain the problem it had with checks & balance, and separation of powers (period 8)

-- 1973 federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the US to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress.
-- Problem with checks & balances/separation of powers: Presidents have often argued it infringes on their constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief.
-- Debate over whether it effectively limits presidential power.

What was the significant problem of the vietnam “war” (period 8)

-- Lack of a clear and achievable military objective.
-- Growing public opposition at home.
-- Difficult terrain and guerilla warfare tactics of the Viet Cong.

What is the significance of the credibility gap, how did television bring the war into America's living rooms? (period 8)

-- Credibility gap: Growing distrust between the government's pronouncements about the war and the reality seen by the public.
-- Television brought uncensored images of the war into American homes.
-- Exposed the brutality and human cost of the conflict, fueling anti-war sentiment.

What is the significance of the tet offensive (period 8)

-- 1968 surprise attacks by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces.
-- Military defeat for the communists but a major psychological victory.
-- Shook public confidence in the Johnson administration and the war effort.
-- Led to increased calls for de-escalation.

What is vietnamization? Who carried it out? (period 8)

-- Policy of gradually withdrawing US troops from Vietnam.
-- Transferring the responsibility of fighting the war to the South Vietnamese army.
-- Implemented by President Richard Nixon.

What is the great society? (period 8)

-- Domestic program launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the mid-1960s.
-- Aimed at poverty reduction, racial equality, and social reform.
-- Included initiatives like Medicare, Medicaid, and Head Start.

How does the great society represent continuity? (period 8)

-- Continued the liberal tradition of government intervention to address social problems, building on the New Deal.

What problem did the great society primarily focus on? (period 8)

-- Poverty and racial injustice.

How does liberalism rise during this era? (period 8)

-- Response to perceived social and economic inequalities.
-- Belief in government's role in addressing these issues.
-- Influenced by the civil rights movement and the desire for a more just society.

What is the significance of gideon v wainwright, griswold v connecticut, engel v vitale, and baker v carr (period 8)

-- Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Guaranteed the right to legal counsel for indigent defendants in felony cases.
-- Griswold v. Connecticut (1965): Established the right to privacy, particularly regarding contraception.
-- Engel v. Vitale (1962): Ruled state-sponsored prayer in public schools unconstitutional.
-- Baker v. Carr (1962): Established the principle of "one person, one vote" in state legislative districts.
-- All these cases expanded individual rights and the role of the federal courts in protecting them.

Explain how and why various groups responded to call for the expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980 (period 8)

-- African Americans: demanded equal rights; used nonviolent direct action (sit-ins, marches like Selma); Black Power movement emerged for self-determination (Black Panthers).
-- White liberals: supported legal reforms and integration; participated in marches and advocacy groups.
-- Southern whites: resisted desegregation; formed White Citizens' Councils; used violence and intimidation.
-- Women: sought equality in employment, education, and politics; formed NOW; pushed for ERA.
-- Latinos: fought for farmworkers' rights (UFW), educational equality, and political representation.
-- Native Americans: advocated for tribal sovereignty and treaty rights; American Indian Movement (AIM).

What is the civil rights movement and what's the significance of it? (period 8)

-- Movement: aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.
-- Significance: landmark legislation (Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act); challenged systemic racism; inspired other rights movements (women, LGBTQ+, etc.).

What was the cause of the Montgomery bus boycotts? (period 8)

-- Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger.
-- Long-standing grievances against segregated bus system in Montgomery, Alabama.

What's the importance of Martin Luther king? (period 8)

-- Leader of the Civil Rights Movement; advocated nonviolent resistance.
-- Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
-- Delivered powerful speeches (e.g., "I Have a Dream").
-- Nobel Peace Prize winner; assassinated in 1968.