AP World History: Modern

Unit 33 (For Finals)

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

-Was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip

-Serbian Nationalist who was a member of the Black Hand, an organization that sought to promote Serbian nationalism and oppose Austro-Hungarian rule.

-The catalyst for the Great War/ WW1

Self-determination meaning

-The idea that nations have the right to govern themselves and make their own political choices without external influence.

Gavrilo Princip

-A Bosnian Serb nationalist and member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, triggering World War I.

-shot both Archduke and Duchess

7 assassins on Archduke Francis Ferdinand

-first attempt, failed bomb

-Ferdinand wanted to go to hospital (Later deciding to go back for no good reason)

Pan-Slavism purpose

-Political and cultural movement aiming to unite all Slavic peoples (like Russians, Poles, Serbs, Czechs)

-Under one identity, promoting shared interests against foreign rule (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian) by fostering cultural bonds

-Shared language (often Russian), and political solidarity, though often complicated by rivalries and Russian dominance.

What was the rivalry between Great Britain and Germany is the late 1800’s? (Part of the cause for WW1 tensions)

-A multifaceted struggle for global dominance, primarily fueled by Germany's rapid industrialization, colonial ambitions, and desire to challenge British naval supremacy

-Sparking a costly Britain-German naval arms race that built mutual suspicion and hostility, poisoning diplomatic relations and contributing to the tensions leading to World War I.

Dreadnoughts

-A British-made “super battleships”

-Set a new era of warships and naval arms

Colonial Disputes (Late 19th + Early 20th Centuries)

-European nations searched aggressively for new colonies or dependencies to bolster economic performance.

-Rushing to colonize and conquer

-Britain, Germany, and France were keen on doing so, causing many battles to take into account between each other.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

-Was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip -Serbian Nationalist who was a member of the Black Hand, an organization that sought to promote Serbian nationalism and oppose Austro-Hungarian rule. -The catalyst for the Great War/ WW1

Public opinions towards the effect on WW1

-Public opinion was significantly shaped by rising nationalism, imperial rivalries, and pervasive propaganda, which fostered patriotic fervor and support for aggressive foreign policies.

-This led to widespread enthusiasm for war at its outbreak, driven by nationalistic narratives and a strong belief in the righteousness of their nation's cause.

Triple Alliance

-A defensive military pact formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aiming to counter threats from France and Russia and maintain European stability

-Became a core component of the Central Powers in World War I, with Italy leaving in 1915 to join the opposing Triple Entente.

Triple Entente

-A diplomatic understanding and military alliance formed by France, Russia, and Great Britain in the early 20th century, primarily to counter the growing power of Germany and its allies (the Triple Alliance)

How did nationalism spread in the late 1800’s?

French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars

Elaborate on the chain reaction caused by the G*ns of August

1. June 1914, Austrian Archduke assassinated by Serbian nationalist

2. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, July 28

3. Russia mobilized troops to defend its Serbian ally against the Central Powers

4. Germany: July 31, sent ultimatums to Russia and France, which were ignored

5. Germany declared war on Russia and France, invaded Belgium to reach France

6. August 4: to protect Belgium's neutrality, Britain declared war on Germany

Mutual butchery in WW1

-in first weeks of August, 20 million left for the front

-War strategies paid little attention to defense → instead, sweeping assaults and swift triumphs

-Germans go towards Paris → both tried to flank, a “race to the sea”

-In south → Italy left Triple Alliance in favor of neutrality

-Stalemates → technology was all defensive

New weapons made in WW1

-Germans poisonous gas; mustard gas, rotted the body, 1.2 million died from gas

-British tanks, short-term offense, but not strategic advantage

-Airplanes, couldn’t really do damage, however, could scout places → “ace fighters” and “dogfights”

-submarines, used by Germans mainly but, Britain and US used diesel-powered submarines too

Helmuth Karl von Moltke

-Prussian field marshal.

-The chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years, he is regarded as the creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field and one of the finest military minds of his generation

-One battle would not end a war; not until whole nation is broken

Elaborate on the Eastern fronts in 1915-1917

-Austrian-German forces overran Serbia, Albania, and Romania

-Russia invaded Prussia 1915, but was soon driven out

-Russian counterattacks in 1916-1917 collapsed in a sea of casualties

Elaborate on Germans invading Verdun

-On western front

-French rallying cry → “They shall not pass”

-French won, but → 315k French dead, 280k Germans

-British counterattack Somme → 420k casualties

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3 main reasons for the Great War’s global expansion

1) Europeans carried animosities into their colonies

2) Needed more soldiers

—-French → Algeria, China, Indochina

—-British → India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Newfoundland, South Africa

3) Objectives of others didn’t have anything to do with Sarajevo, etc.