Protein Synthesis and Mutations - Bio H

A ____ is a sequence of DNA that directs the synthesis of a specific protein

gene

The sequence of __________ in DNA provides a code for constructing a protein.

nucleotides

The presence and action of proteins determines the ________ of a organism

phenotype

rRNA is ___________ RNA.

ribosomal

tRNA is ________ RNA.

transfer

mRNA is __________ RNA.

messenger

In the first stage of protein synthesis, DNA is __________ into mRNA.

transcribed

In the second stage of protein synthesis, RNA is ____________ into protein.

translated

In ____________, two DNA strands separate, one strand is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain, using specific _________ pairing.

transcription, base

For an A in DNA, ___ is placed in RNA.

U

RNA __________ catalyzes the reaction, making a polymer of RNA.

polymerase

In _____________, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, where the helix unwinds and transcription starts.

initiation

In _____________, RNA nucleotides are added to the chain.

elongation

In ____________, RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and detaches from the template.

termination

The central dogma of molecular biology tells us that DNA--->_______---->protein

RNA

During transcription, ______ is made.

mRNA

DNA to mRNA is __________.

transcription

mRNA is ___________ to one of the DNA strands.

complementary

A _________ on mRNA specifies an amino acid (complementary to triplet)

codon

A ______ is 3 nucleotides of DNA which specify one amino acid.

triplet

There are ____ codons, some amino acids have multiple possible codons.

64

Translation occurs on the _____ of the ribosome.

surface

Ribosomes have two subunits, __________ and __________.

small, large

Each ribosomal subunit is composed of rRNAs and ____________.

proteins

Ribosomal units come together during ___________.

translation

________ have binding sites for mRNA and tRNAs.

ribosomes

Transfer RNA molecules match an __________ ______to its corresponding mRNA codon.

amino acid

An amino acid attachment site allows each _______ to carry a specific amino acid.

tRNA

An __________ allows the tRNA to bind to a specific mRNA codon, complementary in sequence.

anticodon

A mutation is a ________ in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.

Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC TTT CCG CGG ACT

AUG AAA GGC GCC UGA

Translation occurs __________ transcription

after

Transcription occurs ________ translation

before

Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC AAA CAT CTG ATC

AUG UUU GUA GAC UAG

Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA: TAC CAT AAT ATG ATT

AUG GUA UUA UAC UAA

We can inherit ______________ from past generations.

mutations

A ________ mutation is due to errors in DNA replication or recombination.

spontaneous

A mutation can be ____________ by mutagens such as radiation, chemicals, UV rays, etc.

induced

Mutations are _________ events and we cannot will them to happen.

random

Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or __________.

beneficial

A ______ mutation or base substitution is when one nucleotide is replaced with another.

point

A ____________ mutation (a.k.a deletion or insertion) alters the reading frame of mRNA so that nucleotides are grouped into different codons. (ex: extra or missing a base)

frameshift

Some mutations can cause a premature _______ during translation.

stop

A ____________ mutation occurs during mitosis during crossing over.

chromosomal

A _______ is the loss of a chromosome segment.

deletion

A ________ is a the repeat of a chromosome segment.

duplication

An _________ is the reversal of a chromosome segment.

inversion

A _____________ is the attachment if a segment to a non-homologous chromosome (can be reciprocal).

translocation