APUSH - Unit 5

Unit 5 Vocab

Texas Territory

Mexican province, then Republic of Texas (1836), then a state (1846)

Antietam

McClellan intercepted Lee at Sharpsburg, eliminating the chance the Confederates had at getting aid from Britain and France

First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)

First major battle of the war, Stonewall Jackson ended the illusion of a short war by defeating Union troops

Fort Sumter

South Carolina opened fire on April 12, 1861 on this location, starting the Civil War

election of 1856

John C. Frémont (Republican), Millard Fillmore (Know-Nothing), and James Buch

Know-Nothing Party

Ex-Whigs who were frightened about immigration

election of 1852

Whig candidate: General Winfield Scott (improving roads and harbors)

Democrat candidate: Franklin Pierce (won)

Impending Crisis of the South (1857)

Nonfiction book by Hinton R. Helper that used statistsics to show how slavery weakened the South’s economy

Panic of 1857

Caused a decrease in Midwestern agricultural products, an increase in unemployment in the North, and didn’t cause a change in the South

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Neither the U.S. nor Britain would attempt to take control of any future canal route in Central America

Walker Expedition

William Walker tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He then seized power in Nicaragua in 1855 before being executed by Honduran authorities in 1860.

Great American Desert

The arid region between the Mississippi Valley and Pacific Coast in the 1850s and 1860s; people traded fur, travelled on trails, mined, farmed, built cities, and engaged in foreign commerce in the West

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Disputed territory on the Maine-Canadian border was split between Maine and British Canada, and the boundary of the Minnesota territory was settled

Manifest Destiny

the idea first promoted by John O’Sullivan in the 1840s and 1850s that the U.S. had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the western frontier

Stephen Austin

son of Moses Austin who brought 300 families into Texas

Santa Anna

Mexican general, made himself dictator in 1834

Sam Houston

led a group of American settlers in a revolt against Santa Anna over slavery

Alamo

Historic Spanish mission and fortress compound in San Antonio, Texas

James K. Polk

Protegé of Andrew Jackson, Democratic nomination for president (dark horse), elected 1844

gold and silver rush

1848: discovery of gold in CA → migrations to the West; gold/silver rushes occurred in CO, NV, and the Black Hills of the Dakotas

Commodore Matthew Perry

1854: pressured Japan to sign the Kanagawa Treaty (opened two Japanese ports to the U.S.)

California

Mexican territory, then the Bear Republic (1846), then American territory with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexican American War

1846 to 1848 - started by Polk sending Zachary Taylor to LA-TX border

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848: Negotiated by Nicholas Trist - (1) Rio Grande = TX border (2) U.S. took possession of Mexican Cession (CA + NM) for $15 million

Ostend Manifesto

1852: Pierce sent diplomats to Ostend, Belgium to secretly negotiate buying Cuba from Spain

Fugitive Slave Act

1850: made fugitive slave cases under federal jurisdiction, warrants to arrest fugitives, free Blacks denied right of trial by jury, obligation to enforce federal law

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854: divided Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska and let settlers decide whether to allow slavery, even though they were above the 36 30 line (Pierce)

Sumner-Brooks Incident

1856: Charles Sumner gave a speech against Andrew Butler - “The Crime Against Kansas” → B’s nephew Preston Brooks caned Sumner

John C Fremont

- June 1864: overthrew Mexican rule of CA w/ several dozen soldiers, a few navy officers, & recently-settled civilians → Bear Flag Republic

- First Republican candidate in election of 1856

Antietam

Sept. 1862: Lee led Confed. army into MA → Union interception at Antietam Creek, Sharpsburg, MA → bloodiest single day of the war (22,000 casualties) → Confed. retreat

Fredericksburg

Dec. 1862: Union General Ambrose Burnside attacked Lee’s army at Fredericksburg, VA → 12,000 Union vs. 5,000 Confed. casualties

Shiloh

Confed. General Albert Johnston surprised Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee → more than 23,000 casualties + Confed. retreat

Gettysburg

July 1, 1863: Lee + his army surprised Union in Gettysburg, PA → 50,000 casualties + Confed. retreat

Sherman’s March

Veteran General William Tecumseh Sherman led 100,000 men on a campaign from Chattanooga, TE → N. SC; completed Feb. 1865 by setting fire to Columbia, SC (capital)

habeas corpus

Means “you have the body” - allows people to challenge the legality of their confinement by ensuring judicial review of why they’re imprisoned

Confiscation Acts

(1) Aug. 1861 - Union can seize enemy property used to wage war & president can used freed people in any way, including battle

(2) July 1862 - freed slaves of anyone who rebelled against the U.S.

Conscription Act

March 1863: all men 20-45 liable for military service unless they paid $300 for someone to take their place

Homestead Act

1862: offered 160 acres of land in the Great Plains for free to any individual or family who farmed that land for at least 5 years

Freedmen’s Bureau

March 1865: a.k.a. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands - welfare agency for Black and white Americans affected negatively by the war

carpetbaggers

Northern newcomers as known by Democrats, named after cheap luggage made from carpet fabric

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay: (1) Admit CA as a free state

(2) Divide Mexican Cession into UT and NM as popular sovereignty

(3) New Fugitive Slave Law and its enforcement

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857: Scott sued for his freedom after living in Wisconsin for 2 years, Chief Justice Roger Taney rule that he couldn’t sue because he wasn’t a citizen

Bleeding Kansas

Riots in Kansas over slavery because Kansas was popular sovereignty

Wilmot Proviso

1846: PA Congressman David Wilmot proposed forbidding slavery in Mexican territory, didn’t pass in the Senate

Cause of Mexican War

April 24, 1846: Mexican army crossed the Rio Grande and killed 11 U.S. soldiers after being provoked by Zachary Taylor

Gadsden Purchase

1853: Pierce bought land for $10 million from Mexico in present-day New Mexico and Arizona to build a railroad

Election of 1848

Democrats: Cass, pledged pop. sov.

Whigs: Taylor, no position

Free-Soilers: Van Buren

Results: Zachary Taylor won

Election of 1864

Democrats: George McClellan, wanted peace

Republicans (changed to Unionist) Lincoln

• VP: Andrew Johnson