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Ohm’s law
relates the current I—or time rate of charge passage—to the applied voltage V
electrical resistivity
dependence on
resistance, specimen
cross-sectional area,
and distance between
measuring points
Electrical conductivity
is used to specify the electrical character of a material. It is simply the reciprocal of the resistivity.
siemens per meter (S/m)
The SI units for electrical conductivity.
Metals
are good conductors, typically having conductivities on the order of 10⁷(Ω·m)–¹
Insulators
are materials with very low conductivities, ranging between 10−¹⁰ and 10−²⁰ (Ω·m)−¹
Semiconductor
Materials with intermediate conductivities, generally from 10−⁶ to 10⁴ (Ω·m)−¹
Ionic conduction
term for ionic materials, a net motion of charged ions is possible that produces a current.
Fermi energy
The energy corresponding to the highest filled state at 0K
Energy Band Structures In Solids
The number of free electrons depends on the electron energy band structure of the material.
Electronic Conduction
For most materials, an electric current results from the motion of free electrons, which are accelerated in response to an applied electric field.
electron energy band
each distinct atomic state may split into a series of closely spaced electron states in the solid to form.
free electrons
the electrons that participate in the conduction process
Holes
a charged electronic entity that can be found in semiconductors and insulators.
Matthiessen’s rule
the sum of the contributions from thermal vibrations, impurities, and plastic deformation—that is, the scattering mechanisms act independently of one another.
Intrinsic semiconductors
are those in which the electrical behavior is based on the electronic structure inherent in the pure material.
Extrinsic Semiconductor
the electrical characteristics of semiconductor are dictated by impurity atoms
n-type Extrinsic semiconductors
predominantly electrons are the charge carriers
p-type Extrinsic semiconductors
predominantly holes are the charge carrier
Donors
impurities that introduce excess electrons
Acceptor
impurities that introduce excess holes
diode
is an electronic device that allows the current to flow in one direction only
p–n rectifying junction
is constructed from a single piece of semiconductor that is doped so as to be n-type on one side and p-type on the other
flash memory
A relatively new and rapidly evolving information storage technology that uses semiconductor devices.
dielectric materials
is one that is electrically insulating (nonmetallic) and exhibits or may be made to exhibit an electric dipole structure
electric dipole
is a separation of positive and negative electrically charged entities on a molecular or atomic level.
Capacitance
related to the quantity of charge stored on either plate
permittivity of a vacuum
is a universal constant having the value of 8.85 × 10-¹² F/m.
Dielectric constant
is equal to the ratio which is greater than unity and represents the increase in charge-storing capacity upon insertion of the dielectric medium between the plates.
Polarization
The process of dipole alignment
Electronic polarization
It results from a displacement of the center of the negatively charged electron cloud relative to the positive nucleus of an atom by the electric field.
Ionic polarization
it occurs only in materials that are ionic. An applied field acts to displace cations in one direction and anions in the opposite direction, which gives rise to a net dipole moment.
Orientation polarization
is found only in substances that possess permanent dipole moment.
relaxation frequency
is taken as the reciprocal of this minimum reorientation time.
dielectric strength
sometimes called the breakdown strength, represents the magnitude of an electric field necessary to produce breakdown.
ferroelectrics
materials that exhibit spontaneous polarization that is, polarization in the absence of an electric field.
Piezoelectric
a material that generate electric field when mechanical stresses are applied.