Blood (High School Anatomy)

Functions

Transport, regulate, protect

Functions: Transport

carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells around the body, transports CO2 to the lungs, transports nitrogenous waste to the kidneys, and carries hormones for the endocrine glands to the target tissue

Functions: Regulation

removing heat from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and transporting it to other regions or to the skin, where it can be dissipated

Function: Protection

preventing fluid loss by forming clots, protects the body against microorganims that cause disease

What are the two parts of whole blood

Cells and Plasma

2 Parts of Whole Blood: Cells

45% of total blood, this is the living component, 3 types (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes), are formed in bone marrow; leukocytes are formed in the spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes

2 Parts of Whole Blood: Plasma

non-living component, 55% of the total blood, 90% water, has over 100 dissolved substances: nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, and plasma protein

2 Parts of Whole Blood: What is plasma protein

The most abundant solute in plasma is made by the liver. Albumin: regulates osmotic pressure and thickens blood. Clotting proteins: help when a blood vessel is injured

Seperating blood components: Layers based on density of blood

Top layer: Plasma

Middle layer: Buffy coat (has white blood cells and platelets

Bottom layer: red blood cells

Sperating Blood Components: Vocab

Hematocrit: ratio of red cells to total volume, centrifuge: machine the separate blood into the three different layers based on density

Three Main Formed Elements

Erthocytes (Red blood cells), Lukeocytes (White Blood Cells), Thrombocytes (platelets)

Three Main Formed Elements: What are all the formed element made from

cells are replace by divison of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

Three Main Formed Elements: Erythrocytes

Function: carry oxygen throughout the body

Characteristics: Bioncave disk (divot)

• bags of hemoglobin

• no nucleus (anucleated)

• no organelles

• 4-6 million rbc per cubic milliliter of blood

Three Main Formed Elements: Formationf of Erythocytes

• Unable to divide, grow, synthesize proteins

• wear out in 100 to 120 days

• are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver

Three Main Formed Elements: Erythocytes (Hemoglobin)

Iron-containing protein

• binds strongly to oxygen

• Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen-binding sites

• each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

• Hemoglobin is recycled in the body

*Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood

Three Main Formed Elements: Leukocytes

• commonly known as white blood cells or WBCs

  • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease

  • These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles

  • Able to move into and out of blood vessels 

  • Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

  • Many types of WBC’s some are macrophages and some produce antibodies or histamine

Fromed Elements: Types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes & agranulocytes

Types of Lekocytes: Granulocytes

• Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained

• Possess lobed nuclei

• Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Phil eats Grain

Types of Leukocytes: Types of Granulocytes

Neutrophils

• Multilobed nucleus with fine granules

• Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection 

Eosinophils

• Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules

• Found in response to allergies and/or parasitic worms

Basophils

• Have histamine-containing granules

• Initiate inflammation

Types of Leukoctyes: Agranulocytes

• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

• Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped

• Include lymphocytes and monocytes

No Grains in sight (cyte)

Formed Elements: Types of Agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes

  • Nucleus fills most of the cell

  • B-lymphocytes produce antibodies —collect and clump bacteria together, easier for phagocytes to “eat” them

  • T-lymphocytes directly attack cells that do not belong (cell tag receptor incorrect)

• Monocytes

  • Largest of the white blood cells

  • Function as macrophages

  • Important in fighting chronic infection

Formed Elements: Thrombocytes

• Commonly known as platelets

• Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)

• Primary function is the clotting process

• Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm³