Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life - Chapter 3 (Powerpoint Notes)

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering the key concepts from the lecture notes on carbon, molecular diversity, macromolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to atoms.

4

Carbon has __ valence electrons.

4

Each carbon can branch in __ directions.

4

When a carbon atom has four single bonds to other atoms, the molecule is __.

tetrahedral

Ethene (ethylene) is flat because two carbon atoms are joined by a __ bond.

double

The skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or .

rings

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon & .

hydrogen

Hydrocarbons are insoluble, and release large amounts of energy in reactions.

hydrophobic

The distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on the arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the chemical groups attached to the skeletons. These groups are called .

functional groups

Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the __ of the carbon skeleton.

end

Ketones have the carbonyl group in the __ of the chain.

middle

Carboxyl group is always at the __.

end

The amino functional group is .

-NH2

The phosphate group has a charge.

negative

The sulfhydryl group is .

-SH

ATP consists of adenosine attached to __ phosphate groups.

three

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. Each building block is a .

monomer

Monomers are connected when two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a .

water

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by .

hydrolysis

Monosaccharides generally have molecular formula that is some multiple of .

CH2O

Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common .

monosaccharide

Sugars contain a carbonyl group (C=O) and multiple groups.

hydroxyl

Most names for sugars end in .

-ose

In aqueous solution, most 5- and 6-carbon sugars form .

rings

A disaccharide consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by a .

glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharides are polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand joined by glycosidic linkages.

monosaccharides

Plants store excess glucose as .

starch

Amylose is .

unbranched

Amylopectin is branched with __ linkages at the branch points.

1–6

Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and cells.

muscle

Cellulose uses β glucose instead of α glucose.

β-glucose

Chitin is used by arthropods to build their .

exoskeletons

Chitin is also the main component in the cell walls of .

fungi

Lipids are the one class of molecules that doesn’t include true .

polymers

Steroids are lipids consisting of __ rings.

four

Cholesterol is a precursor for other steroid hormones like .

estrogen

Fats: glycerol & fatty acids.

glycerol

A fatty acid is a hydrocarbon consisting of __ carbons and has a carboxylic acid on one end.

16 or 18

Three fatty acids bond the glycerol by a dehydration reaction to create a .

triglyceride

This covalent bond is called an linkage.

ester

A fat made from saturated fatty acids is solid at room temperature and is a fat.

saturated

Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids and a __ group.

phosphate

The hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic while the phosphate group and its attachments are .

hydrophilic

Steroids: four rings; cholesterol is a crucial steroid in animals because it is found in cell membranes and serve as a precursor for other steroid hormones like .

estrogen

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions (1) Nearly every function in cells depends on proteins. i. Proteins make up more than __% of the dry mass of cells.

50

Enzymatic proteins function as .

catalysts

Amino acids: Polypeptides are all unbranched polymers made from a set of __ amino acids.

20

Polypeptides are formed by a dehydration reaction forming a bond.

peptide

Every polypeptide has a single free amino group (N-terminus) and a free carboxyl group (C-terminus). This means there is a free group at the C-terminus.

carboxyl

Secondary structure includes the α helix and the β sheet.

pleated

The amino acid of each polypeptide determines the 3D structure.

sequence

Proteins called assist other proteins to fold.

chaperones

A change in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other factors can disrupt bonds and cause the protein to .

denature

Misfolding of polypeptides causes diseases such as .

Alzheimer’s disease

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express information.

hereditary

The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and .

RNA

A gene is a specific sequence of that codes for a protein.

DNA

Each nucleotide contains a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more groups.

phosphate