Metabolic Regulation Unit 1

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
A. microscopic anatomy
B. muscle anatomy
C. regional anatomy
D. systemic anatomy

regional anatomy

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.
A. exercise physiologist
B. microscopic anatomist
C. regional physiologist
D. systemic anatomist

exercise physiologist

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n) ________.
A. cell
B. molecule
C. organ
D. tissue

cell

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.
A. Organ
2. Organelle
3. Organism
4. Organ System

Organ

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.
A. Cardiovascular
B. Endocrine
C. Muscular
D. Skeletal

Skeletal

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.
A. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes
B. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions
C. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells
D. Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.
A. is the result of catabolism
B. release energy in uncontrolled bursts
C. stores energy for use by body cells
D. All of the above

stores energy for use by body cells

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.
A. differentiation
B. reproduction
C. responsiveness
D. both reproduction and responsiveness

differentiation

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.
A. food
B. nitrogen
C. oxygen
D. water

oxygen

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?
A. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.
B. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day.
C. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients.
D. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival

.J. is stuck in their car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Their body responds to the cold by ________.
A. increasing the blood to the hands and feet
B. becoming lethargic to conserve heat
C. breaking down stored energy
D. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

breaking down stored energy

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.
A. a control center
B. a set point
C. effectors
D. sensors

control center

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.
A. blood vessels in the skin to constrict
B. breathing to become slow and shallow
C. sweat glands to increase their output
D. All of the above

sweat glands to increase their output

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
A.blood pressure regulation
B. childbirth
C. regulation of fluid balance
D. temperature regulation

childbirth

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"
A. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
B. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally
C. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
D. None of the above

None of the Above

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.
A. coronal plane
B. longitudinal plane
C. midsagittal plane
D. transverse plane

longitudinal

The lumbar region is ________.
A. inferior to the gluteal region
B. inferior to the umbilical region
C. superior to the cervical region
D. superior to the popliteal region

superior to the popliteal region

The heart is within the ________.
A. Cranial cavity
B. mediastinum
C. posterior (dorsal) cavity
D. All of the above

mediastinum

In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?
A. nuclear physics
B. radiopharmaceuticals
C. the link between radiation and cancer
D. X-rays

x-rays

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
A. CT
B. MRI
C. PET
D. ultrasonography

PET

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?
A. CT scans
B. PET scans
C. ultrasounds
D. X-rays

ultrasounds

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
A. release of radiation and poor quality images
B. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
C. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment
D. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes

high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?
A. muscle
B. nervous
C. embryonic
D. epithelial

embryonic

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.
A.differentiation
B. maturation
C. modification
D. specialization

differentiation

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.
A. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium
B. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
C. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue
D. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?
A. mesothelium
B. lamina propria
C. mesenteries
D. mucosa

mucosa

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?
A. columnar
B. stratified
C. squamous
D. transitional

columnar

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?
A. columnar
B. pseudostratified
C. simple squamous
D,. transitional

simple squamous

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?
A. transitional
B. stratified columnar
C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D. stratified squamous

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.
A. holocrine; apocrine
B. eccrine; endocrine
C. apocrine; holocrine
D. eccrine; apocrine

holocrine, apocrine

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?
A. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers
B. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
C. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers
D. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.
A. loose connective tissue
B. a tendon
C. bone
D. hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?
A. tendon
B. adipose tissue
C. reticular tissue
D. dense connective tissue

adipose tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?
A. areolar tissue
B. adipose tissue
C. dense regular connective tissue
D. dense irregular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.
A.mesoderm
B. mesenchyme
C. ectoderm
D. endoderm

mesenchyme

In bone, the main cells are ________.
A. fibroblasts
B. chondrocytes
C. lymphocytes
D. osteocytes

osteocytes

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.
A. skeletal muscle only
B. cardiac muscle only
C. smooth muscle only
D. skeletal and cardiac muscles

skeletal muscle only

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.
A. myoblasts
B. endoderm
C. fibrocytes
D. chondrocytes

myoblasts

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?
A. nuclei
B. striations
C. golgi bodies
D. mitochondria

mitochondria

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.
neurons
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

neurons

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.
dendrite
axon
microglia
collagen fiber

axon

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
microglia
neuroglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes

astrocytes

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
redness
heat
fever
swelling

fever

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?
collagen
histamine
hyaluronic acid
meylin

histamine

Atrophy refers to ________.
loss of elasticity
loss of mass
loss of rigidity
loss of permeability

loss of mass

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.
diet
exercise
genetic factors
Stress

genetic factors

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
stratum spinosum
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum basale

stratum basale

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________.
stratum spinosum
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum basale

stratum spinosum

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.
melanocytes
keratinocytes
connective tissue
adipose tissue

connective tissue

Collagen lends ________ to the skin.
elasticity
structure
color
UV protection

structure

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?
A. protects underlying organs
B. helps maintain body temperature
C. source of blood vessels in the epidermis
D. a site to long-term energy storage

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________.
A. are glands on the skin surface
B. can lead to excessive sweating
C. are responsible for goose bumps
D. secrete sebum

are responsible for goose bumps

The hair matrix contains ________.
A. the hair follicle
B. the hair shaft
C. the glassy membrane
D.a layer of basal cells

a layer of basal cells

Eccrine sweat glands ________.
A. are present on hair
B. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
C. produce sebum
D.act as a moisturizer

present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Sebaceous glands ________.
A. are a type of sweat gland
B. are associated with hair follicles
C. may function in response to touch
D. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

are associated with hair follicles

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center?
nail bed
hyponychium
nail root
eponychium

hyponychium

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________.
vitamin D synthesis
arteriole constriction
folate production
thermoregulation

vitamin D synthesis

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?
A. stratum lucidum
B. desmosomes
C. folic acid synthesis
D. Merkel cells

folic acid synthesis

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?
A. stratum corneum
B. stratum basale
C. papillary dermis
D. stratum granulosum

papillary dermis

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?
A. stratum corneum
B. stratum basale
C. stratum spinosum
D. stratum granulosum

stratum corneum

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?
A. Merkel cells
B. keratinocytes
C. Langerhans cells
D. melanocytes

langerhans cells

In general, skin cancers ________.
A. are easily treatable and not a major health concern
B. occur due to poor hygiene
C. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
D. affect only the epidermis

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Bedsores ________.
A. can be treated with topical moisturizers
B. can result from deep massages
C.are preventable by eliminating pressure points
D. are caused by dry skin

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is their skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that they have damaged which layers of skin?
A. epidermis only
B. hypodermis only
C. epidermis and hypodermis
D. epidermis and dermis

epidermis and dermis

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?
A. increased production of melanin by melanocytes
B. increased production of connective tissue
C. an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound
D. an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

increased production of connective tissue

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
A. basal cells of the stratum basale
B. melanocytes of the stratum basale
C. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
D. Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?
A. storage of minerals
B. protection of internal organs
C. facilitation of movement
D. fat storage

protection of internal organs

Bone tissue can be described as ________.
A. dead calcified tissue
B. cartilage
C. the skeletal system
D. dense, hard connective tissue

dense hard connective tissue

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________.
store phosphate
store calcium
make blood cells
move like levers

make blood cells

Yellow marrow has been identified as ________.
an area of fat storage
a point of attachment for muscles
the hard portion of bone
the cause of kyphosis

an area of fat storage

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?
hematopoiesis
cartilage
yellow marrow
red marrow

cartilage

The skeletal system is made of ________.
A. muscles and tendons
B. bones and cartilage
C. vitreous humor
D. minerals and fat

bones and cartilage

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.
flat bones
short bones
sesamoid bones
irregular bones

short bones

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.
joints
muscles
ligaments
tendons

tendons

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.
irregular
sesamoid
flat
short

irregular

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?
long bone
sesamoid bone
short bone
flat bone

long bone

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.
counterweight
resistive force
lever
fulcrum

lever

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?
bone growth
bone remodeling
hematopoiesis
shock absorption

hematopoeisis

The diaphysis contains ________.
the metaphysis
fat stores
spongy bone
compact bone

fat stores

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.
periosteum
epiphysis
endosteum
diaphysis

periosteum

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteocytes and osteoclasts
osteoblasts and osteocytes
osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

osteoblasts and osteocytes

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes
osteoprogenitor cells

osteoprogenitor cells

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?
Haversian systems
Haversian canals
lamellae
lacunae

lacunae

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?
canaliculi
Volkmann's canals
trabeculae
calcium salts

trabeculae

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?
a hole
a facet
a canal
a fissure

a hole

Why is cartilage slow to heal?
A. because it eventually develops into bone
B. because it is semi-solid and flexible
C. because it does not have a blood supply
D. because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone

because it does not have a blood supply

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?
A. They develop from mesenchymal cells.
B. They are surrounded by osteoid.
C. They travel through the capillaries.
D. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?
A. They develop into osteocytes.
B. They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.
C. They grow and form the periosteum.
D. They group together to form the primary ossification center.

they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?
the metatarsals
the femur
the ribs
the flat bones of the cranium

flat bones of the cranium

Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.
epiphyseal plate
perichondrium
periosteum
medullary cavity

epiphyseal plate

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.
in the medullary cavity
beneath the periosteum
in the epiphyseal plate
within the metaphysis

beneath the periosteum

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?
A. proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification
B. maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification
C. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
D. calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation

calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

A fracture can be both ________.
A. open and closed
B.open and transverse
C. transverse and greenstick
D. greenstick and comminuted

open and transverse

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?
A. The bone pierces fat stores in the skin.
B. The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
C. The injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones.
D. The red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.

yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged

In a compound fracture, ________.
A. the break occurs at an angle to the bone
B. the broken bone does not tear the skin
C. one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other
D. broken bone pierces the skin

broken bone pierces the skin

The internal and external calli are replaced by ________.
hyaline cartilage
trabecular bone
osteogenic cells
osteoclasts

trabecular bone

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
compact
lamellar
spongy
dense

spongy

Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________
a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.
a right-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left.
a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture.
a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete.

a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.
vitamin D
vitamin K
calcitonin
fluoride

vitamin D

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?
carrots
liver
leafy green vegetables
oranges

leafy green vegetables