2nd topic

dignity and rights

The essence of the life of Jose Rizal is marked by the conditions that existed during his lifetime in the Philippines and around the world, particularly in Europe. Rizal is a product of his era, and his message sets forth a human declaration that all human beings without any distinction of any kind are born free and equal in ____ and ___.

United States

The 19th century stands out as an extremely dynamic and creative age, especially in Europe and the ____.

medieval

However, 19th century Philippines was largely ______, although signs of progress or change were noted in certain sectors.

Indio

Its social and economic structure was based on the old feudalistic patterns of abuse and exploitation of the ____.

Overemphasis on religious matters

The power of religious orders remained one of the great constants, over the centuries, of Spanish colonial rule. The friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders conducted many of the executive and control functions of government on the local level. They were responsible for education and health measures. These missionaries emphasized the teachings of the Catholic religion starting from the primary level to the tertiary level of education.

Obsolete teaching methods

Their methods are outdated.

Limited curriculum

The students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines, the reading of Spanish books and a little of the natives’ language. Science and Mathematics were not very much taught to the students even in the universities. Aside from the Christian Doctrines taught, Latin was also taught to the students instead of Spanish.

Absence of academic freedom

The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational system was extended to the schools that Spaniards established in the Philippines. Learning in every level was largely by rote. Students memorized and repeated the contents of book which they did not understand. In most cases knowledge was measured in the ability of the students to memorize, largely hampering intellectual progress.

Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning

In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was privileged only to Spanish students. The supposed Philippine education was only a means to remain in the Philippines as colonizers. For this reason, the Filipinos became followers to the Spaniards in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos became cronies, to the extent that even their life styles were patterned from the Spaniards.

Friar control over the system

The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish times. They owned different schools, ranging from the primary level to the tertiary levels of education. The missionaries took charge in teaching, controlling and maintaining the rules and regulations imposed to the students.

Educational Decree of 1863

marked a milestone in the history of education in the Philippines under Spain. For the first time, provisions were made for establishing teacher training schools and government supervision of the public school system

Moret Decree of 1870

The government in Spain issued ______, which intended to secularize higher education in the colony. The friars strongly opposed the idea of government control over higher education in the Philippines. This bitter opposition, coupled with the political developments in Spain, made implementing the Moret Decree impossible.

Galleon Trade

was the longest-running shipping line of its time which existed for roughly 150 years. It carried silver, gold, spices, silk, and fashionable objects between 1565- 1815. Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade Route

middle class.

Manila was opened to foreign trade which brought prosperity to the Filipinos and Chinese mestizo resulting to the existence of _____ _____

Influx of European Liberalism

Ideas of the enlightened philosophers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rosseau, masonry and the French Revolution reached the Philippines. Liberty, religious freedom, democracy, human rights such as suffrage, freedom of speech, press and form associations and assemblies.

Suez Canal

Connects Mediterranean and Red Sea; shortened distance between Europe and Orient

November 17, 1869

When was Suez Canal opened?

10000 km

Suez Canal decreases the road between Europe and South Asia from 16000 km (travel from the Cape of Good Hope) to _____ km.

• Spanish Peninsulares

• Spanish Insulares

Apex include:

Spanish Peninsulares

exclusively controlled top-level administrative, civil and ecclesiastical positions in the colony, and they were close to the Insulares on Spanish Peninsulares. The______ are Spaniards who were born in Spain.

Spanish Insulares

those Spaniards born in the Philippines to full-blooded Spanish parents. During the colonial period, the term “Filipino” was reserved for this group. They are slightly inferior to the peninsulares because of the distinction of having been born on Philippine Island; thus, their Spanish blood was tainted by their place of birth.

• Spanish Mestizos

• Mestizo de Sangleyes

• Mestizos Indios

Middle class:

Spanish Mestizos

offspring of Spanish father and Indio mother

Mestizo de Sangleyes

offspring of Spanish-Chinese parents

Mestizos Indios

offspring of Chinese-Indio mixtures

• Indio Natural

• Plain Indios

• Infieles

• Indio Sangleye

Base:

native

Indios are ____ of the country

Indio Natural

refers to the natives of the island, originated from the Malay race and are considered as today’s Filipino.

Plain Indios

those natives who had converted to Roman Catholicism and settled in a town under Spanish jurisdiction (reduccion system) or town under the bajo las campanas (under the sound of the bell). The highest position available to plain Indios is Gobernadorcillo.

Infieles

refers to the pagans who resisted the indoctrination and lived outside the Spanish control maintaining their culture, religion, and lifeways. Spanish authorities called them into different names like salvajes, remontados, ladrones, tulisanes, and barbaros.

Indio Sangleye

the pure-blooded Chinese or Japanese who arrived in the Philippines to trade and escaped the hegemony of dynasties and shoguns. It is the lowest within the social structure.