[ 2FINAL ] Biology - Non-Mendelian and Mendelian Inheritance

Incomplete Dominance

“The pattern of inheritance, where an intermediate phenotype other than the two parental phenotypes, is observed.”

• The dominant allele failed to cover or hide the recessive allele.

• The offspring does not resemble either of the parents.

• No allele is completely dominant over the other.

Codominance

• Both alleles are expressed resulting in the formation of the phenotype or characteristics.

• The third phenotype is not a blending of the parental traits; rather, both parental traits are displayed.

Multiple Alleles

These are the alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait.

Rhesus Factor

an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh negative.

Gene

• an important segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that signifies a unique protein that controls a specific function in the cell.

• capable of storing genetic information and sometimes can undergo mutation.

DNA

• the blueprint of heredity

• first isolated from pus cells by Friedrich Miescher in 1869

X-Linked Dominant

These disorders are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell.

False

TRUE OR FALSE.

Males can only get the X-Linked Traits from their fathers.

Fragile X Syndrome

This is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment.

X-Linked Recessive

• A female parent possessing one X- linked recessive mutation is considered a carrier. This means that they will not manifest clinical symptoms of the disorder but will pass on the trait to the next generation.

  • All males possessing an X- linked recessive mutation will be affected.

Hemophilia A

also called factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency or classic hemophilia, is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective factor VIII, a clotting protein. Although it is passed down from parents to children, about 1/3 of cases are caused by a spontaneous mutation, a change in a gene.

Color Blindness

• This is not a form of blindness at all, but a deficiency in the way you see color. With this vision problem, you have difficulty distinguishing certain colors, such as blue and yellow or red and green.

• (or, more accurately, color vision deficiency) is an inherited condition that affects males more frequently than females.

46

How many chromosomes does each human cell have?

Autosomes

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

Sex Chromosomes

What is the 23rd pair of chromosome called?

XX

What is the sex chromosome of a girl?

XY

What is the sex chromosome of a boy?

Chromosome 21

For people with down syndrome, which chromosome is repeated which results to their condition?

Y-Linked Traits

These never occur in females, and occur in all male descendants of an affected male.

Hemizygotes

Males with a single Y- or X-linked allele are described as this, because only one allele is present.

Pedigree Chart

This can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry recessive alleles.

Karyotype

• a picture of all chromosomes in a cell

• chemicals are used to stain chromosomes to produce a pattern of bands on them

• The sizes and locations of the bands are very consistent for each chromosome, but the bands differ greatly among different chromosomes

• Therefore, different chromosomes can be easily identified in this.

Turner Syndrome

This is a chromosomal condition that alters development in females. Women with this condition tend to be shorter than average and are usually unable to conceive a child (infertile) because of an absence of ovarian function.

Down Syndrome

This is also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability.

3 Billion

How many bases does the human dna consists of?