Anthropology 110 UTK Exam 3 Devlin

Where is the temporalis located?

Side of skull

Where is masseter located?

Side of cheek

What are the temporalis and masseter used for?

Mastication (chewing)

What are hominins?

Human like organisms

When and where did hominins first live?

6 million years ago in west and east africa

Characteristics of Australopithecus

-4 mya

-Small brains

-Large jaws

-Small body size

-First tool maker

-Gave rise to Homo genus

What is the mosaic evolution?

A pattern of evolution in which rates of evolution in one functional system vary from other systems.

Examples of mosaic evolution

Dental, locomotor, and neurological systems evolved at different rates.

What are the two types of variations?

Intraspecific and interspecific

What is intraspecific variation?

Variations that are accounted for by individual, age, and sex differences within a species.

What is interspecific variation?

Variation that represents differences between reproductively isolated groups.

What are the two views of variation?

Splitters and lumpers

What are "splitters"?

Researchers who claim speciation occurred frequently during hominin evolution.

What are "lumpers"?

They assume speciation was not common and see variation as being intraspecific.

What are some characteristics of Ardipithecus ramidus?

-East Africa

-Had an opposable toe

-Arboreal biped

What are some characteristics of A. afarensis?

-Discovered by Tim White and Don Johanson

-3.6-3 mya

-East Africa (Rift Valley)

-300+ individuals discovered

-Fingers longer and more curved than humans

-Lucy AL 288

What are some characteristics of A. africanus?

-440 cm^3 cranial capacity (small brained)

-Big toothed

-Bipedal

What are some characteristics of A. sediba?

-Fairly young

-A transitional australopith

-Discovered 2010 in South Africa

-Slight brain increase (420-435 cc)

-Similar characteristics to Homo genus: dental anatomy, derived face, featured of the pelvis

Characteristics of australopiths

-Bipedal

-Long hands and fingers

-Scavengers

-Culture?

-Tools?

Characteristics of Early Homo

-Larger, more rounded brain case

-Less projecting face

-Smaller face

-Smaller teeth

-More modern proportions

-Not quite modern height

-Tool makers

Definition of artifact

Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins

Why can't we uncover artifacts from australopiths/very early hominins?

Because organic material decomposes, likely early artifacts are not preserved.

What tools did early Homo species use?

Oldowan tools, they are stone tools that date back to 26 mya

When was the first dispersal of hominins?

They left Africa close to 2 mya

Characteristics of later hominins

-Larger

-More committed to terrestrial habitat

-Used more elaborate stone tools

Vertebral Column

The column of bones and cartilaginous disks that houses the spinal cord, provides structural support, and flexibility to the body

Foramen Magnum

Hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the brain

Innominate bones

The pair of bones that compose the lateral parts of the pelvis. Each innominate bones is made of 3 bones that fuse together during adolescence

CP3 Honing Complex

Combination of canine and first premolar teeth that form a self sharpening apparatus

Sahelanthropus

7-6 mya. Found in Chad. Hominin traits:

-Large brow-ridge

- Somewhat smaller canine teeth

-Nonfunctional CP3 honing complex

-Anteriorly placed foramen magnum

Orrorin Tugenensis

Found in Kenya

Mostly fragmentary cranial and post-cranial features

Features of the skull of archaic homosapiens and premodern humans in middle pleistocene

-Large browridge

-Low cranial vault w thick bones

-Large nasal aperture

-Inflated cheeks

-Occipital torus

Neanderthal Culture

-Cave residences

-Cared for others

-Mousterian stone tool culture

-Symbolic behavior

Examples of symbolic behavior for Neanderthals

-Intentional burials

-Grave goods

-Cared for injured

-Speech

-Hyoid bones

-Burial techniques: flexed burial, nonhuman bones, flint tools, poilen