UW-Madison Anatomy 337 Exam 1

Cell death

apoptosis, necrosis

abnormal proliferation

neoplasia

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue

lines every body surface/structure

functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, sensation, selective permeability, simple diffusion, absorption and transcellular transport, surface parallel transport

glandular epithelial tissue

most glands derived from epithelia

goblet cells

unicellular exocrine glands, produce mucin, protects and lubricates internal surfaces

integrity of the epithelium

basement membrane, intercellular junctions, epithelial maintenance and renewal

tight junctions

gatekeepers

adhering junctions

support and stability (like a belt)

desmosomes

support and stability (in multiple directions)

Gap Junctions

easy cell to cell communication

carcinoma

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

adenocarcinoma

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

microvilli

maximize surface area, transcellular transport

cilia

highly motile, surface parallel transport

metaplasia

normal epithelia from one area replaced by another form of epithelia not typical for that region

connective tissue

most common, diverse, widely distributed, composed of some cells and abundant extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix

produced by cells of that CT

Ground substance

found between fibers and cells of CT

Protein fibers

support

elastic fibers

elasticity

collagen fibers

strength

reticular fibers

scaffolding

loose CT

areolar, adipose, reticular

Areolar CT

widely distributed, highly vascular, contain all three types of fibers

Adipose CT

energy, insulation, protection, holds things

Reticular CT

space but shape (scaffolding)

Dense CT

regular, irregular, elastic

Regular CT

collagen (strong), resist force in one direction

Irregular CT

collagen (strong), resist force in multiple directions

Elastic CT

stretch and recoil

Skeletal Muscle

cannot divide, but has other cells that can generate new cells

Satellite cells

generates new skeletal muscle cells

Cardiac Muscle

cannot generate new cells

Smooth Muscle

capable of dividing and generating new cells

Properties of Muscle Tissue

contractibility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

Functions of Muscle Tissue

movement, open/close body passageways, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

Epimysium

skeletal muscle

perimysium

fascicles

endomysium

muscle fibers

myofibrils

protein structures that make up muscle fibers, cylindrical, extend entire length

myofilaments

actin and myosin in repetitive groups

muscle fibers

muscle cell, long and cylindrical

sarcomere

functional unit of muscle

tendon

dense regular CT formed by merging of all CT layers, avascular, very strong

Sharpey's fibers

collagen fibers penetrating deep into cortical bone

neuromusclar junction

where motor neuron meets muscle fiber

Motor unit

single motor neuron and muscle fibers it controls, innervated by one nerve

All-or-none principle

a muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all

fine motor skills

more nerve innervations

large motor skills

larger motor units

Slow Oxidative Fibers

aerobic, endurance

fast oxidative fibers

intermediate

Fast glycolytic fibers

anaerobic, instantaneous power

muscle atrophy

reduction of muscle size, tone, and power, lack of stimulation occurs with aging

muscle hypertrophy

increase in muscle fiber size, repetitive stimulation of muscle fibers, not increase in muscle fibers, myofibrils and myofilaments increase in number

4 main fascicle arrangements

parallel, convergent, pennate (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate), circular

CNS collection of cell bodies

nucleus

PNS collection of cell bodies

ganglion

CNS collection of axons traveling to a common destination

tract, column

PNS collection of axons traveling to a common destination

nerve

Neuron

electrical signals, live for a lifetime, don't divide, high metabolic rate, most cell bodies in CNS

Synape

connection where communication occurs, presynaptic sends to postsynaptic

Bipolar neuron

rare, vision, olfaction

Pseudounipolar neuron

sensory (touch, pain, temp, etc)

Multipolar neuron

most common

Neuron convergence

many neurons come together to one large neuron

Neuron divergence

one neuron divides to many smaller neurons

Glial Cells

provide protection, insulation, nourishment for neurons, divide throughout life, supportive scaffolding, much more abundant than neurons, help communication

Mylelination

process of wrapping an axon with myelin sheath, lipid based, increase the speed of signal

Myelinated PNS

Schwann cell myelinates one axon

Unmyelinated PNS

Schwann Cell shields multiple unmyelinated axons

Schwann Cells

located in PNS, myelinates one neuron, one myelinated part

Oligodendrocyte

located in CNS, myelinates multiple neurons, multiple myelinated parts

Gliomas

Astrocytomas

Oligodendrogliomas

Mixed gliomas

Endoneurium

CT around each axon

perineurium

CT around individual fascicles

Epineurium

CT around the entire nerve

Wallerian degeneration

axon distal to injury degenerates

Axon Regeneration

Schwann cells guide neurons and send chemicals to promote nerve growth, axon buds, reinnervates

Afferent

goes to CNS, sensory input

efferent

Exits CNS, motor output

Visceral Sensory

monitors visceral motor, blood vessels, digestive system, secretion, chemical composition

Somatic Sensory

touch, pain, temperature, proprioception

Visceral motor

involuntary, smooth or cardiac muscle, glands

Somatic motor

voluntary, skeletal muscle

Spinal cord segments

named by the spinal nerve it comes from, nerve exits inferior to corresponding vertebrae except for first 7 cervical

31 pairs of spinal nerves

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

Spinal cord development

continues to grow until 4, final length: 16-18 inches, ends around L1

Spinal cord meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

lumbar puncture

between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5

Anterior Spinal Artery

-single artery

-supplies anterior 2/3 of cord

-located in the antero-median fissure

Posterior Spinal Artery

two arteries that supply posterior 1/3 of cord, located in the postero-lateral fissure

Spinal cord pathways

multi-neuron pathways that carry information between brain and periphery, over 90% decussate, composed of paired tracts

Ascending pathway

sensory information

Descending pathway

motor information

Sensory Pathways

axons leave DRG in dorsal root, enter posterior horn, 2-3 neurons in the pathway

Spinocerebellar pathway

proprioceptive and muscle sense, Dorsal: individual muscles, ventral: limb as a whole, Receptor, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, 1st order: DRG, 2nd order: synapse at level of entry to spinal cord, ascend ipsilaterally and decussate and cross back, all information stays ipsilateral

Motor Pathways

anterior horns contain cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons, axons from these cell bodies leave the spinal cord at the ventral root