Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards for reviewing lecture notes.

Native Americans (treatment)

Treatment included forced removal, broken treaties, and cultural destruction. U.S. policies often aimed to relocate or assimilate tribes.

Pilgrims & Puritans

Founded Plymouth for religious freedom (1620).Settled Massachusetts Bay to reform the Church of England.

Mayflower Compact

1620 agreement for self-government by Pilgrims. First form of democracy in American colonies.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods/diseases between Old and New Worlds.

Triangle Trade

System of trading slaves, raw materials, and goods between Europe, Africa, and Americas.

Mercantilism

Economic theory where colonies exist to benefit the mother country. Britain used it to control trade and enrich itself.

Colonial Economies (North, Middle, & South)

North: industry and trade; Middle: farming and commerce; South: plantation agriculture using enslaved labor.

British Taxes (example- Stamp Act)

Tax on printed goods, caused protests. Colonists said "no taxation without representation."

Boston Massacre

1770 clash where British soldiers killed 5 colonists. Fueled anti-British propaganda.

Declaration of Independence (Ideas)

Declared colonies free; stated natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas.

The Intolerable Acts

Harsh laws to punish Boston after Tea Party. Closed port and reduced local government—united colonies in resistance.

Barbary Pirates War

U.S. fought North African pirates to protect trade. Showed early U.S. willingness to use military for commerce.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Explored Louisiana Territory, mapped land to the Pacific. Helped promote westward expansion.

Democratic-Republicans vs Federalists

D-Rs favored states’ rights (Jefferson), Federalists favored strong central gov’t (Hamilton).

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended the American Revolution. Britain recognized U.S. independence and gave land to the Mississippi River.

Virginia vs. New Jersey Plan

Big states wanted representation by population (VA), small states wanted equal reps (NJ). Led to the Great Compromise (Senate + House).

Constitutional Principles & Powers

Separation of powers divides gov’t into 3 branches. Checks & balances prevent one branch from becoming too powerful.

Constitutional Compromises (example- 3/5th Comp.)

Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representation. Also created bicameral Congress.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (arguments)

Feds wanted strong central gov’t; Anti-Feds demanded a Bill of Rights to protect liberties.

Bill of Rights (Why & ideas)

First 10 Amendments protect freedoms (speech, religion, etc.). Added to satisfy Anti-Federalists.

Hamilton’s Financial Policies (example- Whiskey Tax)

Created national bank, paid off debts, taxed whiskey—angered farmers, led to rebellion.

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against political parties, sectionalism, and foreign alliances.

Alien vs. Sedition Acts

Alien Act targeted immigrants; Sedition Act punished anti-gov’t speech. Violated First Amendment rights.

Marbury vs. Madison

Established judicial review—Supreme Court can strike down laws as unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal with France that doubled U.S. size. Gave U.S. control of Mississippi River.

Embargo Act

Banned foreign trade under Jefferson. Hurt U.S. economy more than Europe’s.

Causes of the War of 1812

British impressment of sailors, interference with trade, and support for Native resistance.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned Europe not to colonize the Americas. Declared Western Hemisphere under U.S. protection.

Election of 1824

Called the “Corrupt Bargain. ” John Q. Adams won with help from Henry Clay in the House.

Jackson’s Presidential Policies (example- Force Act)

Used federal power to enforce tariffs. Expanded presidential authority.

Worcester vs. Georgia

Supreme Court ruled in favor of Cherokee land rights. Jackson ignored it and removed them anyway.

Nullification Crisis

SC tried to reject federal tariff law. Jackson threatened force to uphold federal law.

Transcendentalism

Belief in nature, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of people. Key figures: Emerson, Thoreau.

Abolition Movement

Sought to end slavery. Led by people like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Harriet Tubman.

John Brown’s Raid

Tried to start a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry. Seen as hero in North, terrorist in South.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court ruled slaves were property, not citizens. Increased sectional tensions.

Underground Railroad

Secret network helping enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman was a key leader.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Let states vote on slavery (popular sovereignty). Led to violent conflict ("Bleeding Kansas").

Temperance Movement

Movement to ban alcohol. Led to Prohibition later on.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that U.S. was destined to expand west. Justified taking land from Native Americans and Mexico.

Who went to TX, Cali., UT, NM, Oreg.?

Settlers, farmers, Mormons (Utah), and gold seekers. Driven by Manifest Destiny.

The Alamo / TX Annexation

Texans lost Alamo battle but gained independence from Mexico. Later annexed into U.S., sparking war with Mexico.

54-40 or Fight

Slogan for Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. U.S. settled peacefully at 49th parallel.

Polk’s Request for War

Polk asked Congress to declare war on Mexico after a border clash. Led to large land gains for U.S.

Fugitive Slave Law

Required return of escaped slaves. Outraged Northerners and helped grow abolitionist movement.

Caning of Charles Sumner

Sumner attacked slavery; was beaten by Preston Brooks in Senate. Showed growing sectional violence.

South Secedes

Southern states left Union after Lincoln’s election. Feared slavery would be abolished.

Lincoln’s Promises & Plans

Promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed. Main goal: preserve the Union.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade South, control Mississippi, and squeeze Confederate resources.

Greenbacks & Inflation

Paper money issued during Civil War. Caused inflation but helped fund war effort.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Helped former slaves with food, schools, and jobs. First federal welfare agency.

Black Codes vs. Jim Crow Laws

Black Codes restricted rights after Civil War; Jim Crow enforced segregation later.

13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments

13th = end slavery; 14th = citizenship; 15th = voting rights for Black men.

Johnson’s Impeachment

Impeached for opposing Reconstruction; escaped removal by one vote.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group that used terror to suppress Black rights during Reconstruction.

Vertical vs. Horizontal Integration

Vertical = control all production (Carnegie). Horizontal = buy out competition (Rockefeller).

Famous Industrialists & their Industry

Carnegie (steel), Rockefeller (oil), Morgan (banking), Vanderbilt (railroads).

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie’s belief that the rich should give back through philanthropy.

Ellis & Angel Island

Ellis = East Coast (Europe), Angel = West Coast (Asia). Immigration checkpoints.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant belief favoring native-born Americans. Led to restrictions like the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Muckrakers (Tarbell/Sinclair/Steffens)

Exposed corruption. Sinclair wrote The Jungle; Tarbell attacked Standard Oil.

Progressive Policies (Food & Drug Act)

Regulated food and medicine. Passed after The Jungle revealed unsafe conditions.

Spanish-American War

U.S. defeated Spain, gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines. Sparked by the sinking of the USS Maine.

Yellow Journalism vs. WWI Propaganda

Yellow journalism exaggerated stories (led to war). WWI propaganda promoted enlistment and unity.

Anglo-Saxonism & Social Darwinism

Beliefs that justified imperialism. Claimed whites were superior and meant to rule.

A.T. Mahan

Urged U.S. to build a strong navy to dominate world trade and power.

Spheres of Influence

Foreign powers controlled trade in parts of China. U.S. responded with Open Door Policy.

Causes of WWI

MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism. Sparked by Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination.

Women’s Roles (during/after war)

Took factory, nursing, and support jobs during wars. Helped lead to 19th Amendment.

W. Wilson (14 Points)

Plan for world peace post-WWI. Called for League of Nations and self-determination.

Technology (Impact)

New tech (railroads, electricity, mechanized farming) boosted industry. In war, changed tactics and raised casualties.

Jingoism

Extreme nationalism that favored aggressive foreign policy. Helped justify imperialism.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech after major Union victory. Reframed war as fight for freedom and unity.

Reconstruction Plans

Lincoln and Johnson = lenient; Radical Republicans = harsh terms for South. Struggled over how to reunite the nation and help freedmen.