BU PS101 Exam 1 Dunne

Acetylcholine

Long-term memory, muscle activity (expanding and contracting)

any muscle expanding and contracting

Acetylcholine Associated Disorders+Medicines

Botox blocks ATCH (no contraction)

Black Widow Poison - floods body with ATCH causing convulsions and a rapidly beating heart

Alzheimer's disease

Botulism

Serotonin (5HT)

regulates appetites or drives, mood regulation

works with hypothalamus to regulate appetites

2% in brain 92% in gut

psychology

the scientific study of mind and behavior

behavior

actions and responses directly observable and measurable

mind

internal states

we can infer from behavior what the state of mind is

goals of psychology

-describe, explain, predict, control phenomena around us

critical thinking

1. take an active role in the world around us

2. evaluating the validity of information presented to us as fact

basic research

knowledge purely for its own sake

applied research

research designed to solve a specific problem

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

- father of psychology

- founded structuralism

Edward Tichner

- student of wundt

- helped to found structuralism

- first psychology lab in the US

Structuralism

- modeled study of psychology on the hard sciences

- how

- used introspection as methodology

Functionalism

- asked why

- psychology should study the functions of consciousness

William James (1842-1910)

founder of functionalism

first psychology lecture ever

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

neurologist and founder of psychodynamic theory

neurons

building bocks of the nervous system

generate electrical activity, communicate with muscles, glands, and other neurons

sensory neurons

carry input messages from sense organs to spinal cord and brain

motor neurons

transmit messages from brain to spinal cord to muscles and organs

interneurons

connective and associate functions

make mental functions, emotions, and behavior possible

myelin

50-70% of neurons myelinate

speeds up chemical communication

develop after birth which is why babies' learning speed increases rapidly

multiple sclerosis is when myelin sheath disintegrates

chemical communication

synthesis, storage, release, binding, deactivation

synthesis

neurotransmitters are made in the neuron

storage

neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles

release

action potentials trigger the movement of vesicles to axon terminal surface and release of neurotransmitters

binding

neurotransmitters bind to sites on receiving neuron's membrane

deactivation

breakdown - neurotransmitters left in synapse are broken down by enzymes

reuptake - extra neurotransmitters are left in the synapse are taken back into the transmitting synapse

dopamine (DA)

-involved in regulating emotions, plays a role in learning and memory, coordinates large muscle movements, allows us to experience pleasure

-motivates to engage in movement

-reinforces behavior through rewards pathway

-tells when a reward is better or worse than expected

-drugs trick the brain into thinking they're better every time

-dopamine, serotonine, and norepinephrine work together

dopamine associated disorders

- too much dopamine is anxiety and skitzofrienia

- too little dopamine is depression and parkinsons (can't stop or start movement)

Norepinephrine

-arousal and alertness

-mood, learning and memory, fight or flight response

- motivator in the face of danger

-works with perceived threats (ptsd)

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

links CNS with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in body

somatic and aytonomic

somatic nervous system

voluntary movement

autonomic nervous system

-sympathetic and parasympathetic (activated together)

-maintains homeostasis

-senses body's internal functions

-controls glands

-controls smooth -muscles of heart, blood vessels, stomach, intestines

sympathetic nervous system

activation or arousal function

parasympathetic nervous system

-slows down body processes and maintains tranquility

brainstem

medulla, pons, reticular formation

pons

carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system

medulla

vital involuntary body functions (heartbeat, breathing, blinking)

-left-right crossover

reticular formation

attention, arousal, filters incoming information, relays information to other brain areas

blocks out unnecessary information that isn't a threat (getting used to a smell)

if hit here you would black out

cerebellum

muscle movement coordination

learning and memory

coordinating timing of a movement

10% of brain but 50% of neurons

limbic system

hippocampus and amygdala

thalamus

organizes input from senses and sends to brain

sensory switchboard

first stop of all sensory input except smell

the bridal chamber (bc it's at center of brain)

midbrain

top part of the brainstem connecting the spinal cord to the brain

hypothalamus

regulates appetites/drives, role in motivation and emotion

24 hour biological rhythms (temperature)

works with serotonin

influences pituitary gland

hippocampus

involved in forming and retrieving memories

works with acetylcholine and norepinephrine

amygdala

organizes motivational and emotional responses

picks up social cues from others and helps determine intent

pituirary gland

regulates hormones

cerebral cortex

frontal lobe

ceo

executive functions

motor cortex

association cortex

broca's area

inhibits - blocks impulses from amygdala

occipital lobe

vision

primary visual cortex

breaks down visual stimuli

temporal lobe

auditory cortex

left = wernicke's area

right = face and object recognition

parietal lobes

sensory cortex

left = language

right = visuospacial, geography, music

broca's area

involved in speech production

wernicke's area

speech comprehension

prosopagnasia

inability to recognize faces

aphasia

damage to broca's or wernicke's area leading to inability to express or understand speech

glial cells

helper cells

outnumber neurons 10:1

feed neurons

clean dead neurons

dix damaged neurons

empiricism

John Locke's blank slate theory

gestalt

ideal that a whole is more than a sum of its parts

opposite of structuralism

point of desostation

point in the medulla where sensory information passes over

corpus callosum

strip of myelinated fibers connecting left and right hemispheres

cut to prevent seizures

w/o left and right can't communicate

B.F. Skinner

behaviorist

operant conditioning - learning based on consequences of actions

John Watson

behaviorist

believed that the only thing that should be studied in biology is observable behavior

cognitive behaviorism

learning influences our thoughts and expectations which guide our behavior

the brain in like a computer and humans are information processers

operant conditioning

learning based on negative consequences

Ivan Pavlov

behaviorist

classical conditioning

dog experiement

psychodynamic

internal and unconscious forces are responsible for behavior

unresolved childhood trauma shapes personaliry

humans had strong sexual and aggressive urges that shape behavior

psychotherapy

form of talk therapy

dream interpretation, hypnosis, free association

defense mechanisms help us cope with anxiety

behaviorism

behavior is caused by the external environment

knowledge is gained empirically

psychology should only study things that can be seen

shaped by association of events with each other

john locke

tabula rasa

ideas influenced behaviorism

classical conditioning

learning based on association between events

trained to react to a neutral stimuli as though it is the thing

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

behaviorist

environment shapes behavior through consequences of behavior

Thorndike's law of effect

Thorndike's Law of Effect

behaviors that are followed by a favorable consequence are likely to be repeated and vice versa

cognitive perspective

gestalt psychology

the opposite of structuralism

humanist perspective

founded by carl rogers

free will

innate

founded in '60s, product of the time

humans are not controlled by unconscious or the environment

cause of behavior is what's going on now

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

founder of humanism

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

humanist

maslow's hierarchy of needs

self actualization

physical needs - safety needs - belonging and love needs - esteem needs - cognitive needs - aesthetic needs - self actualization

must complete one level of the pyramid to move on to another

dan gilbert

humanist

harvard professor and happiness expert

started first positive psychology class

sociocultural perpective

cause of behavior is cultural environment

emphasis on how environment and cultural learning affect behavior, thoughts, and feelings

social norm

rules for acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group

socialization

the process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them

cross-cultural psychology

examines socialization in cultures

simulates and differentiates between people from different cultures

extent to which cultures stress individualism and collectivism

discriminations (racism, sexism, ageism)

biological perspective

cause of behavior is neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, evolution

dominant theory today

examines biological influences on behavior

came about due to the imaging and medical capabilities available today

Karl Lashley (1890-1958)

biological perspective

brain mapping

memories are physical and biological

represent a physical change at the neuron level

searched for where memories are formed by slicing parts of a rat's brain

brain uses as much energy as is needed to power every phone on the planet in one day

Donald Hebb (1904-1985)

biologist

discovered neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

chemicals released by neurons that allow them to communicate with one another

glutemate

excitatory

enhances what other neurotransmitters are already doing

norepinephrine related disorders

low norepinephrine connected to ADHD

serotonin related disorders

low= depression

high = mania

epinephrine

adrenaline

epinephrine related disorders

vasoconstrictors = treats epileptic shock - allergic reactions

GABA

slows messages to brain from brainstem

GABA related disorders

released in antidepressants

Endorphins

blocks pain