Personal Health Exam #3

Fermentation

Natural process of making alcohol

What is the ABV percentage in fermented wines?

12 to 14% ABV in fermented wines and beers

True or false: Alcoholism as a disease is a more modern concept

true

True or false: Highest rate of family drinking in 18 to 29 year olds

true

True or false: White people have the highest alcohol consumption rate

true

True or false: Binge drinking is the highest in latinos

true

What age group has the highest percentage of driving under the influence?

21 to 25 year olds

Cost of abuse falls into what three categories?

expenditures on medical treatment, lost productivity from workers’ abuse, and losses to society from premature deaths.

Alcohol abuse is what?

One of the leading causes of preventable death in the U.S

What are the characteristics of a wet country?

Alcohol is intergrated into daily life and activities and is widely acceptable.

What are the characteristics of a dry country?

Alcohol consumption is not as common, and access is more restricted.

There is a perception that alcohol is a safe means of what?

Promoting social interaction, bolstering confidence (by repressing inhibitions), and increasing extroversion

True or false: Alcohol drinking has remained fairly stable

true

What is the definition of binge drinking in the United States?

5 plus drinks for men and 4 plus drinks for women within two hours

What is a blackout?

Amnesia episodes accepted as a symptom of problem drinking

True or false?: Women have a greater sensitivity and likelihood of addiction, and develop health problems sooner

True

What are the reasons women have a greater sensitivity to alcohol?

smaller body size, absorb alcohol quicker because of body fat, and they possess less metabolizing enzyme

True or false: The long term risks of alcohol are more dangerous for women

true

True or false: Alcohol can cause delayed puberty and affect adolescent maturation among 12

17 year olds

True or false: Women are more likely to combine alcohol with Rx

True

True or false: There are gender differences in impaired judgment

True

What are the major components of alcoholism?

Craving, impaired or loss of control, and tolerance

What is alcohol abuse?

When the level of craving, loss of control and physical are less prominent than in addiction

True or false: Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are different?

True

Alcoholism is a disease with a what?

A genetic component

When do alcohol withdrawal symptoms occur?

Within 12 to 72 hours after cessation or when BAC drops below a certain point

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms

Muscle tremors, nausea, and anxiety

Delirium tremors

Extremely acute syndrome; hallucinations, delirium, high fever and rapid heart beat; uncommon, but life threatening.

Alcohol has direct contact with what and acts as what?

It has direct contact with the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines, acting as an irritant and anesthetic

True or false: Alcohol diffuses to blood by passing through gastric and intestinal walls, then no longer affected by food

True

True or false: Anger and stress can affect the time it takes alcohol to get to the intestine

True

What can lower BAC?

The presence of food and water in the stomach and greater muscle mass

What can increase BAC?

A high rate of consumption and higher fat mass

Why does repeated alcohol use cause tolerance and reduce pharmacological effects?

Due to an increased rate of alcohol metabolism and reduced neuronal/transmitter system response.

What short term effects do low to moderate doses of alcohol have?

Disinhibition, slower motor activity, reflexes, coordination, and unpredictable behavioral effects.

What short term effects do moderate doses of alcohol have?

Slightly increased heart rate, dilated blood vessels, and moderately lower blood pressure. It also stimulates appetite and urine output

What short term effects do high doses of alcohol have?

It incapacitates and induces drowsiness/sleep

What do the highest alcohol doses cause?

Incoordination, confusion, disorientation, stupor, anesthesia, coma, and death

What is the general rule for alcohol?

Take as many hours as drinks to sober up

True or false: Coffee, cold showers, and oxygen will speed up sobering?

False

Symptoms of a hangover?

Fatigue, nausea, upset stomach, headache, sensitivity to sound, ill

True or false: Symptoms of a hangover are usually most severe many hours after drinking when no more alcohol remains?

True

What happens in stage 1 of withdrawal patterns?

Restlessness, anxiousness, sleeping problems, agitation. tremors, and rapid heartbeat

What happens in stage 2 of withdrawal patterns?

Minor symptoms + hallucinations, whole body tremors, increased blood pressure?

What effects do low to moderate doses of alcohol have on the brain and nervous system?

suppresses, subcortical inhibitions, and increases endorphin release

What effects do higher alcohol doses have on the brain and nervous system?

Slurred speech, staggering (cerebellum); impair vigilance and decision

What happens with very high alcohol doses?

It depresses respiratory systems (medulla), death

What are the three stages of alcohol

induced liver disease

What is alcoholic fatty liver?

enlarged liver due to increased fat production

What is alcoholic hepatitis?

When fat cells continue to multiply

What is Cirrhosis?

When cars form and cause hardening as functional tissue shrinks and deteriorates; often fatal and not reversible

What effects does alcohol have on the digestive system?

Alcohol irritates and can damage, causing chronic acid imbalance, inflamation, and acute gastric distress

True or false: High concentrations of alcohol decrease the production of red and white blood cells and platelets?

True

True or false: Alcohol can interfere with the maintainance of an erection, testosterone levels, menstrual cycle, and kidneys

True

Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome

Psychotic condition caused by alcohol use and its related nutritional and vitamin deficiencies

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Characterized by facial deformities, growth deficiency, mental retardation, and joint and limb abnormalities

True or false: Just a few episodes of heavy drinking during pregnancy increases the risk of offspring abusing alcohol

True

There are pharmacological differences in how males and females respond to alcohol, what are the differences?

Heavy alcohol use among females causes accelarated damage to brain, liver, heart, and muscles

True or false: Females experience depression when they drink alcohol and men binge drink and fight

True

What is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S?

Tobacco

When smoked nicotine enters where?

The lungs and then is absorbed into the bloodstream.

When chewed or dipped, nicotine is absorbed through what?

the mucous lining of the mouth

What factors dictate the amount of nicotine absorbed into the body?

the composition, the density and length, whether a filter is used, the volume, and the number of cigarettes smoked

Marijuana is what?

hemp plant consisting of the dried and crushed leaves, flowers, stems, and seed of the Cannabis plant

THC is what

the primary mind

What is a gateway drug?

the path of illicit drugs; serves to initiate a novice user

What are the three derivatives of Cannabis?

Sinsemilla, Hashish, and Ganja

What is the most derivative form of Cannabis?

Sinsemilla

What is the main effect of hallucinogens on the body?

Changes in perception, mood, and thought

Psilocybin is commonly known as?

Magic mushrooms

Which part of the brain is primarily affected by hallucinogens?

Sensory and serotonin systems

MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) is best described as…

A hallucinogen and stimulant

True or false: LSD can cause visual distortions even when taken in small doses

true

True or false: Hallucinogens always cause the same effects in every user

False

True or false: Psilocybin and LSD both affect serotonin receptors in the brain

True

True or false: A “bad trip” can include anxiety, panic, or paranoia

True

True or false: Hallucinogens are physically addictive in the same way as opioids?

False

What are the stages of sensory experiences?

Altered senses, loss of control, self

Synesthesia

Crossover phenomenon between senses

Behavioral effects of LSD

Creativity, insight, and possible freakout

LSD Perceptual effects

Perceived sensations in the extreme and flashbacks

What are three types of negative flashback?

Body trip, mind trip, and altered visual perception

Body trip

recurrence of unpleasant physical sensations

Mind trip

recurrence of distressing thoughts or emotions

Altered visual perception

Seeing dots, flashes, light trails, halos, and false peripheral motion

What is the most active drug in peyote that induces intensified perception of colors and euphoria

Mescaline

What are the physiological effects of Mescaline?

Pupil dilation, increased body temperature, anxiety, visual hallucinations, alterations in body image, vomiting, and sedation

Drug chemically related to amphetamines?

Phenylethylamine

What is DOM?

fairly powerful hallucinogenic with the basic structure of amphetamine

Designer amphetamines

Smooth amphetamines where the pleasurable sensation of touch is enhanced.

What is MDA?

Hallucinogenic with a similar structure to mescaline and amphetamine that acts as an anorexient and mood elevator, also known as a love drug

What is MDMA?

Hallucinogenic that is more psychedilic and less stimulant than MDA and causes euphoria, increased energy, and sensitivity to touch.

What is the most dangerous of the hallucinogens and classied as Schedule II?

Phenylcyclidine (PCP)

Unaltered (“natural”) enviroment

Natural occurring physical conditions that can still impact health

Indoor air pollution from cooking is a major enviromental health issue primarily in where?

Developing countries

The air quality index measures levels of what pollutants except?

Ground level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide

Which factor can dramatically influence the health impact of an environmental exposure?

Timing and route of exposure

Lead exposure is especially harmful for children because it can do what?

Lead to behavioral problems, learning deficits, and lower IQ

The built environment includes what?

The way buildings are constructed, transportation systems, and places where people work and play

True or false: Motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause of death in the U.S for ages 1 to 24

True