Exam 1 - NS and Eyes Chart

what are the major symptoms of bacterial meningitis

sudden high fever

severe stiff neck

severe headache

severe meningeal inflammation

which causative organism is gram + and transmits bacterial meningitis at birth via passage through the birth canal or from medical personnel

step. agalactiae

which causative organism is gram -, transmits bacterial meningitis via respiratory droplets, and causes meningitis in children under 5 (MC under 18 months)

haemophilus influenzae b

when strep agalactiae causes bacterial meningitis, who is affected

premature babies and infants <3 months

which causative organism is gram -, transmits bacterial meningitis via respiratory droplets, and causes a purple spotted rash

neisseria meningitidis

what is the most common cause of meningitis in the late teens early 20's and is commonly known as the meningococcus

N. meninigitidis

college students in the dorms are ____x more likely to develop bacterial meningitis due to what causative organism

23, N. meningitidis

which causative organism is gram + and transmits bacterial meningitis via contaminated food and drink? Who most commonly gets this?

listeria monocytogenes

pregnant women

which causative organism is gram + and transmits bacterial meningitis through respiratory droplets?

streptococcus pneumoniae

s. pneuomoniae is commonly known as the ____ and is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis is adults

pneumococcus

AKA of leprosy

Hansen's Disease

Hansen's Disease can produce ___ leprosy or ___ leprosy

tuberculoid, lepromatous

tuberculoid leprosy is ____ and results in loss of ___ due to nerve damage

nonprogressive, sensation

lepromatous leprosy is ___ and causes a gradual loss of facial ___, ____, and other body structures

progressive, features, digits

what is the causative agent of leprosy

mycobacterium leprae (acid-fast bacteria)

what is mode of transmission for leprosy

direct contact

armadillos

what determines if you get tuberculoid leprosy vs lepromatous lepracy

strong immune system: TB

weak: lepromatous

t/f

death from leprosy is common

false, rare

botulism results in ___ paralysis and death by failure to ___

flaccid, inhale

what is causative agent of botulism

clostridium botulinum (+)

what is mode of transmission of botulism

contaminated food

honey - infants

endospores enter wounds

tetanus results in ___ paralysis and causes ___, _____ (smiling spasm), and death via failure to ____

spastic, lockjaw, risus sardonicus, exhale

what is causative agent of tetanus

clostridium tetani (+)

mode of transmission for tetanus

break in skin, mucus membranes, puncture wounds, umbilical stump

neonatal tetanus has a ___% mortality rate due to infection of the ______

90, umbilical stump

AKA for viral meningitis

aseptic meningitis

t/f

viral meningitis is similar to bacterial meningitis but it is more severe

false it is more mild

what is causative agent for viral meningitis

enteroviruses: poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus (90%)

ALL NS diseases caused by viruses are ____ viruses

RNA

what is mode of transmission for viral meningitis

respiratory droplets and feces

t/f

viral meningitis is more common than bacterial and fungal meningitis

true

t/f

90% of cases of poliomyelitis are asymptomatic

true

which type of polio causes muscle spasms and back pain

nonparalytic polio

what type of polio is 1% of all cases and is commonly known as bulbar polio

paralytic polio

what is causative organism of poliomyelitis

poliovirus

what is mode of transmission for poliomyelitis

drinking contaminated water

15-40 years after someone is diagnosed with poliomyelitis, they may experience ____ syndrome which is characterized by deterioration in motor function of muscles

postpolio

which vaccine for polio is no longer given in the US

oral polio vaccine (OPV)

what symptoms of rabies are shown in the CNS

hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis

what cuases rabies

rabies virus

what is transmission of rabies

via a bite

what is the reservoir of most cases of rabies in humans

bats

it is too late to intervene in a patient with rabies when what appears

symptoms

what is the shape of the capsid in rabies

bullet shaped

what causes eastern equine encephalitis

eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus

what causes Western Equine encephalitis

Western Equine encephalitis (WEE) virus

what causes Venezuelan Equine encephalitis

venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus

what is the vector for eastern, wester, venezuelan, St. Louis, West Nile, and California encephalitis

mosquito

encephalitis is caused by a ____

arbovirus

which is a higher fatality rate: EEE or WEE

EEE

west nile encephalitis is asymptomatic in ____% of people

80

west nile encephalitis virus finds a reservoir in what animals

dead birds

what encephalitis infection has a tick as the vector

tick borne encephalitis

t/f

zika virus infection is highly symptomatic

false it is mostly asymptomatic

what causes zika virus infection

zika virus

what is the vector for zika virus

mosquito

what is a mode of transmission for zika virus other than mosquitos

cross placenta

STD

at what trimester are pregnant women at highest risk for having zika virus cross placenta

1st

what type of meningitis is similar to bacterial meningitis and symptoms include loss of vision or coma

cryptococcal meningitis

what is cause of cryptococcal meningitis

cryptococcal neoformans (fungus)

what is mode of transmission for cryptococcal meningitis

opportunisitc

inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells

what is the most common clinical form of cryptococcal infection

cryptococcal meningitis

AKA of african sleeping sickness

HAT: human african trypanosomiasis

what are the 3 clinical stages of african sleeping sickness

1. site of fly bite becomes a lesion

2. fever, lymph nodes swell, headaches

3. invasion of cns leading to meningoencephalitis

what causative agent leads to west african sleeping sickness and is more common

trypanosoma brucei gambiense

what causative agent leads to east african sleeping sickness and is less common

trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

what is the vector for african sleeping sickness

tsetse fly

primary amebic meningoencephalopathy leads to death within ___-____ days

3-7

what can cause primary amebic meningoencephalopathy

acanthamoeba

N. fowleri

(protozoans)

what is mode of transmission for primary amebic meningoencephalopathy

inhalation of contaminated water

abrasions on skin

N. fowleri is known as the

brain eating amoeba

variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vCJD) is always ___ and has symptoms including: insomnia, weight loss, ____ failure, spongiform ____

fatal

memory, encephalopathy

what causes variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vCJD)

abnormal strains of prion (misfolded proteins)

what is most likely the transmission of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vCJD)

eating contaminated meat

an infected hair follicle on the eye is called a

sty

what are the two causative agents for a sty? which is more common

staph aureus: MC

staph. epidermidis

AKA of conjunctivitis

pinkeye

conjunctivitis is unique in that it can be caused by a ___ or ___

bacteria, virus

all forms of conjunctivitis will have these symptoms

red eye, irritation, watery eyes

bacterial conjunctivitis has special symptoms such as:

grittiness, mucopurulent discharge (crusties)

what are the bacteria that can cause pink eye

staph aureus, step. pneumoniae, haemophilus aegyptii

what is the virus which can cause pink eye

adenovirus (DNA virus)

what is mode of transmission for conjunctivitis

direct transmission

which disease is characterized by the eyelids turning inward and blindness

trachoma

what causes trachoma

chlamydia trachomatis

what is mode of transmission for trachoma

bacteria from genitals introduced to eyes in birth canal, fomites, or fingers

what is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans

trachoma

what is the mechanical vector for trachoma

eye seeking flies

AKA for ophthalmia neonatorum

newborn conjunctivitis

what is the symptoms of ophthalmia neonatorum

inflammation of cornea or blindness

what causes ophthalmia neonatorum

neisseria gonorrhoeae

mode of transmission for ophthalmia neonatorum

bacteria from genitals introduced to eyes in birth canal

unilateral, gritty feeling, conjunctivitis, pain, sensitivity to light, corneal lesions leading to blindness are all symptoms of what

ocular herpes

what is cause of ocular herpes

HHV-1

HHV-2

mode of transmission for ocular herpes

close contact with active lesions

eye pian, red eye, and blindness caused by candida albicans is what disease

ocular candidiasis

extreme eye pain and severe redness caused by the protozoan acanthamoeba is what disease

acanthamoeba keratitis

how does acanthamoeba enter the body

through cuts, scrapes, conjunctiva

which disease is associated with contact lens wearers

acanthamoeba keratitis

AKA loa loa filariasis

subcutaneous filariasis or loaiasis