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0.1: APUSH Historical Periods One and Two

Historical Periods One and Two

Historical Period One: 1491-1607

Native Americans Before Contact

  • Maize (corn) major food source (SW, Mexico)

  • Hunting/fishing/foraging (NW)

  • Hunting - lack of nat'l resources (Great Basin/Great Plains)

  • Ag + hunting (NE)

  • Native Americans good at using resources/environment to their advantage

European Exploration Goals

  • Tech improvements (contact + trade)

  • Sextant

  • Joint-stock companies

  • Wealth (gold)

  • Power + status (glory)

  • Spread of Christianity (God/gospel)

European Contact

  • The Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

  • Impact on Europe-

  • Increase of food (maize, potatoes)

  • Feudalism —> capitalism

  • Impact on Natives-

  • Diseases killed many

  • Horses + guns change hunting + warfare

  • Impact on Africans-

  • Increase in slave trade

The Transformation of the Americas

  • Impacts of Spanish contact-

  • New caste system

  • Racially diverse populations

  • Mestizo (Spanish + Native)

  • Mulatto (Spanish + African)

  • Encomienda System

  • Grants of land from Spanish crown to Spaniards

  • Spanish settlers look to convert Natives to Christianity

  • Spanish gained tribute

  • Impact on Natives-

  • Harsh treatment

  • Heavy manual labor

  • (This labor eventually replaced by that of African slaves)

  • Debated treatment of natives (eg. Bartolome de las Casas)

  • Justified due to racial "superiority" and dehumanization

  • Conflict with Natives-

  • Europeans seek to change Native traditions/practices and outlook on the world

  • Natives seek autonomy

  • African adaptations to Western Hemisphere-

  • Seek autonomy

  • Combined Christianity + African religions

  • Formed maroon communities of runaway slaves

Historical Period Two: 1607-1754

European Imperial Goals

Spanish

  • Convert Natives

  • Money

Dutch & French

  • Trade alliances with Natives

  • Intermarrying with Natives

English

  • Agriculture-reliant colonies (mainly tobacco)

  • Sending people to populate

  • Worst relationship with Natives

British Colonies

  • Rarely intermarried

  • Established rigid social hierarchy

  • Created Atlantic slave trade (part of Columbian Exchange)

  • Racial superiority, lack of indentured servants, Natives more difficult to enslave (familiar with + could live off of land), European need for goods

  • Impacts of African Slavery

  • Desire for more land = conflicts for Natives

  • African slaves have forms of resistance (eg. running away, revolts)

New England Colonies

  • Puritans (establish a homogenous community)

  • Mixed economy (ag + trade; Boston)

  • Longer life expectancy; more families

Middle Colonies

  • Diverse (religiously, ethnically, demographically)

  • Growing crops

0.1: APUSH Historical Periods One and Two

Historical Periods One and Two

Historical Period One: 1491-1607

Native Americans Before Contact

  • Maize (corn) major food source (SW, Mexico)

  • Hunting/fishing/foraging (NW)

  • Hunting - lack of nat'l resources (Great Basin/Great Plains)

  • Ag + hunting (NE)

  • Native Americans good at using resources/environment to their advantage

European Exploration Goals

  • Tech improvements (contact + trade)

  • Sextant

  • Joint-stock companies

  • Wealth (gold)

  • Power + status (glory)

  • Spread of Christianity (God/gospel)

European Contact

  • The Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

  • Impact on Europe-

  • Increase of food (maize, potatoes)

  • Feudalism —> capitalism

  • Impact on Natives-

  • Diseases killed many

  • Horses + guns change hunting + warfare

  • Impact on Africans-

  • Increase in slave trade

The Transformation of the Americas

  • Impacts of Spanish contact-

  • New caste system

  • Racially diverse populations

  • Mestizo (Spanish + Native)

  • Mulatto (Spanish + African)

  • Encomienda System

  • Grants of land from Spanish crown to Spaniards

  • Spanish settlers look to convert Natives to Christianity

  • Spanish gained tribute

  • Impact on Natives-

  • Harsh treatment

  • Heavy manual labor

  • (This labor eventually replaced by that of African slaves)

  • Debated treatment of natives (eg. Bartolome de las Casas)

  • Justified due to racial "superiority" and dehumanization

  • Conflict with Natives-

  • Europeans seek to change Native traditions/practices and outlook on the world

  • Natives seek autonomy

  • African adaptations to Western Hemisphere-

  • Seek autonomy

  • Combined Christianity + African religions

  • Formed maroon communities of runaway slaves

Historical Period Two: 1607-1754

European Imperial Goals

Spanish

  • Convert Natives

  • Money

Dutch & French

  • Trade alliances with Natives

  • Intermarrying with Natives

English

  • Agriculture-reliant colonies (mainly tobacco)

  • Sending people to populate

  • Worst relationship with Natives

British Colonies

  • Rarely intermarried

  • Established rigid social hierarchy

  • Created Atlantic slave trade (part of Columbian Exchange)

  • Racial superiority, lack of indentured servants, Natives more difficult to enslave (familiar with + could live off of land), European need for goods

  • Impacts of African Slavery

  • Desire for more land = conflicts for Natives

  • African slaves have forms of resistance (eg. running away, revolts)

New England Colonies

  • Puritans (establish a homogenous community)

  • Mixed economy (ag + trade; Boston)

  • Longer life expectancy; more families

Middle Colonies

  • Diverse (religiously, ethnically, demographically)

  • Growing crops

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