BIO230 Section 1

40 MCQ

Archea

we know the least about this division, extreme environments usually, no nucleus

Eukaryotes

nucleus, large genoems

Bacteria

no nucleus, diverse shapes and sizes, diverse feeding, sickness & health releated

Prokaryotes

eubacteria and archea, single-celled, lacks nucleus and organelles

Eukaryotes

plants, fungi, animals, humans, single-celled (sacchromyces/cerevisiae) or multicellular, have nuclei & organelles

Ribosomes

organelle for protein synthesis

Nucleoid

in proks, there is no nucleus but there is a:

Cell Wall

tough and protective outer coat of prokaryotic cell

Microbiota

the microorganisms of a particular site (geological, time, area), includes archea, fungi, protists and viruses

Microbiome

combined genomes of microbioata

1:1

Microbial cell ratio to human cells

200

up to ____ times more microbial genes than human genes in the human body

Genomes

encodes the information to construct and maintain an organism, mostly DNA, some viruses have DNA and RNA

genome expression

Release of the biological information stored in the genome requires

transcriptome

The first product of genome expression is the

proteome

The second product of genome expression is the _______, defines the biochemical functions of the cell

transcription

The transcriptome is maintained by the process of

translation

The proteome is maintained by the process of

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Genome (DNA) ➔Transcriptome (RNA) ➔Proteome (Protein)

Genome Expression

Different types of multicellular organisms contain the same genome. How do we produce different cell types?

Genome Expression

The process by which the information encoded in a genome's DNA is converted into functional proteins or RNA. In humans, out of ~25,000 genes, only 30-60% are expressed at any given time, and expression varies across different cell types. Gene expression is regulated at multiple stages, from DNA transcription to protein synthesis.

responding to extracellular stimuli

Regulation of gene expression is crucial for defining cell types and

RNA polymerase

DNA is transcribed into RNA by the enzyme

Transcriptional Regulation

The process of controlling gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, primarily through gene regulatory proteins (transcription factors) that bind to specific regulatory DNA regions (cis elements).

Positive Regulators (Activators)

Gene regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and increase gene expression, effectively turning genes ON.

Negative Regulators (Repressors)

Gene regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and decrease gene expression, effectively turning genes OFF.

Cis Elements

the DNA seq. is on the same side DNA double helix as the gene

E. coli

uni-cell prok, one chromosome of circular DNA, 4300 proteins, transcriptionally regulated by food availability

operon

Multiple genes can be transcribed into a single RNA molecule, this system is called an:

Gene

a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific molecule, usually a protein

transcription attentuation

premature termination of transcription, RNA adopts a structure that interferes w RNA polymerase