AP World Chapter 5

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.

• Some subject peoples of the Aztec empire resented Mexica domination and willingly joined the conquistador in the Spanish assualt on the empire

• Cortes’s attack on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlain and former subjects of the Aztecs of tens of thousands joined Cortes as he carved out a Spanish Mesoamerica empire after he the aztec defat

Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.

• Diseases such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever

• Example the settled peoples of Caribbean islands almost vainshed within 50 years of Columbus’s arrival

• Centeral Mexico with a population of about 10 to 20 million before Spanish conquest declined to about 1 million by 1650

• Many died from the dieases(mostly small pox esspicaly during the smallo pandemic) and many others died of hunger

Little Ice Age

A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.

• Period from the 13th to 19th century to bassically the 1200s to the 1800s of unusually cool temperatures spanned much of the early modern period

  • Most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere

  • Some scholars suggested a low point in sunspot activity while other think of volanic eruptions

    • whose ash and gases blocked the sun’s warming energy

• Many scientists linked the Little Ice Age to The Great Dying

  • Saying resulted in desertion of large areas of Native American farmland and ended the traditional practices of forest management through burning in many regions

    • These changes sparked resurgence of plant life in turn took large amounts of carbon dioxide, greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere, contributing to global cooling

• VERY IMPORTANT The shorter growing seasons and terrible weather conditions affected food prouction in regions across the globe ESSPICALLY IN EUROPE help causes a lot of revolutions like the French

General Crisis

The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.

• Impact of the Little Ice Age reached its PEAK in many regions in the mid-seventeenth century helping to spark the Crisis happening globaly

  Regions near the equator in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere eperienced extereme conditions and irregular rainfall

  • resulting in the growth of the Sahara Desert

• China, Europe and North America expereicned RECORD OR NEAR-RECORD cold winters

  • Cold summers reduced harvests DRAMATICALLY IN Europe

  • Droughts ruined crops in many other regions ESPECIALLY CHINA

    • suffered terrible drought between 1637 1641

• VERY VERY IMPORTANT: Difficult weather conditions accentuated other stresses in societies leading to widespread famines, epidemics, uprisings, and WARS in which MILLIONS perished.

• Eurasia was in Crisis

  • the collapse of the Ming dynasty from these droughts

  • Constant warfare in Europe

  • CIVIL WAR in Mughal India

  • THESE ALL OCCURRED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GENERAL CRISIS (caused by the Little Ice Age)

  • Only subsided when favorable weather patterns took hold starting in the 18th century

• In the America

  • severe droguth in the 5 years

  • after 1639 price of maize SKYROCKETED

  • left granaries empty and many people without water

  • prompted an unsuccessful plot to declare Mexico’s independence from Spain

  • continuting drought years in the decades

  • Carribean region

    • 1640s experienced opposite condition

    • torrential rains accompanied more frequent El Nino weahter patterns

    • provided ideal conditions for the BREEDING OF MOSQUITOES (whcih carried both YELLOW fever and Malaria)

• VERY VERY IMPORTANT: The General Crisis reminds us that climate often plays an important role in shaping human history.

  • It also reminds us that human activity the importation of deadly diseases to the Americas, may also help shape the climate,

    • This has been true long before our current climate crisis

Columbian exchange

The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

• Long-term beneifts of this Atlantic network was VERY UNEQUALLY DISTRIBUTED

  • The peoples of Africa and Americas expeeicned social distruitpion, slavery, disease, and death

  • Western Europeans reaped the greatets rewards of new information flooding into Europe

    • shaking up conventional understandings of the world and contributing to a revolutionary new way of thinking

      • Scientific Revolution

    • Wealth of colonies: precious metals, nautral resources, new food crops, slave labor, financial profits, colonial markets provided one of the foundations on which Europe’s Industrial Revolution was built.

    • Colonies provided for a way European societies could gorw it population rapdily

• Europeans and Africans brought not only germs but also plants and animals like Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and many garden vegetables and fruits AND LOTS OF WEEDS

• transfomred landscape amd made possible a recognizbly European diet and way of life

• Since 1600 conteintal USA has seen destruction of some 90% of the old-growth forests has been burned, logged, and turned into field and pastures

• Animals such as horses(very important for the Natives), pigs, cattle, goats, sheep

  • muliplied in an environemtn mostly free of natural predators

  • Made possible of the ranching economies and COWBOY cultures of both North and South America

  • Horses transformed many Native American soceties

    • As some settled farming native people abonaded fields to hunt bison from horseback

    • Cuased women to loss much of their earlier role as food producers

    • Became male-dominated and warrior culture emerged

    • These changes were revolutionary

• American food crops like corn, potatoes, and cassave spred in the Eastern Hemisphere

  • provided nutritional foundation for the population growth that became everywehre

  • In Europe corn and potatoes help push human numbers from 60 million in 1400 to 390 million in 1990

    • These crops later provided cheap and nutrtitous food for millions of INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

      • Allowed Ireland’s population to grow a lot and then the Potatoe famine from an airbrone fungus caused Irish starvation or emigration

• In China corn, peanuts, and ESPECIALLY SWEET POTATOES supplemented the traiditonal rice and wheat to sustain China’s modern population explosion

• Early 20th century, food plants of American orgin represented about 20 PRECENT OF TOTAL CHINESE FOOD PRODUCTION

• In Africa corn took hold quickly used s cheap food for human cargoes of the transalatinc trade

• tobacco and chocolate soon used around the world

  • smoking technique and tobacco had become in very popular in China

• ALSO Tea from China and coffee from Isalmic world also spread globally

  • contributing to worldwide biologica exchange

• VERY IMPORTANT large-scale and consequintail diffusion of plants and animals operated to remake the biologcl environemtn of the plant

mercantilism

The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.

mestizo

A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women. (pron. mehs-TEE-zoh)

mulattoes

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

• Esspcially emerged in Brazil

settler colonies

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.

Russian Empire

A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800, it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe.

yasak

Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia,

Qing expansion

The growth of Qing dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a central Asian empire that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire’s population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China.

Mughal Empire

A successful state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples who invaded India and provided a rare period of relative political unity (1526–1707); their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. (pron. MOO-guhl)

Akbar

The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire (r. 1556–1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

• Married several of Hindu Rajput princess but did not require them to convert to Islam

• Incorporated a substantial number of Hindus into the political-military elite of the empire and supported the building of Hindu temples like mosques, palaces, and forts

• sati(the practice in which a widow followed her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre) Akbar soften some of that Hindu restrictions on women

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy. (pron. ow-rang-ZEHB)

• Discouraged Hindu practice of sati

• Forbad outright music and dance at court and previously tolerated vices were also suppressed

• Some Hindu temples were destroyed

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century.

devshirme

A term that means “collection or gathering”; it refers to the Ottoman Empire’s practice of removing young boys from their Christian subjects and training them for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. (pron. devv-shirr-MEH)

• Represented a means of upward mobility within the Ottoman Empire