AP European TIMELINE & DATES

listen bitch, that test is tomorrow isn't it? Literally study dates, otherwise you'll be writing about the invention of the printing press during the jewish concentration camps. DO YOU WANT ROBESPIERRE AND HITLER IN THE SAME TIMELINE? no, i didn't think so.

1492

Columbus& expulsion of Jews and Moores from Spain

1500

Period of High Renaissance

1450-1550

Age of new monarchs (Henry VII, F and I)

1517

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses

1543

Copernicus, On the revolutions of the Celestial Spheres

1555

Peace of Augsburg, Allowed Germans to pick their own religion, Lutheran or Catholic

1559

John Calvin, the Institutes of the Christian Religion

1588

Defeat of the spanish armada

1598

Edict of Nantes, granted religious freedom to Huguenots in France. By Henry IV It ended the French Wars of Religion and established a long period of relative peace.

1558-1603

Reign of Elizabeth I

1545-1563

Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation

1949

NATO was established as a military alliance for mutual defense against aggression, primarily focused on the Soviet threat during the Cold War.

1929

Great Depression

1453

Gutenberg printing press

1618-1648

30 years war a destructive conflict in Europe involving multiple nations, primarily over religious and political issues.

1641-1649

English Civil war a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The conflict ultimately led to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

1648

Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War, which established a new political order in Europe based on mutual recognition of sovereignty among states.

1687

Newton’s Principia published

1688

Glorious Revolution in Britian that resulted in the overthrow of King James II and the ascent of William of Orange and Mary II to the throne, establishing a constitutional monarchy.

1643-1715

Reign of Louis XIV in France, known as the "Sun King," during which he centralized power and exemplified absolute monarchy.

1759

Voltaire writes Candide , a satirical novella that critiques optimism and explores philosophical ideas about human existence.

1789-1799

French revolution that led to the rise of the Republic and the end of monarchy in France, marked by key events such as the Storming of the Bastille and the Reign of Terror.

1685

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV which ended religious tolerance for Protestants in France, leading to persecution and the emigration of many Huguenots.

1690

John Locke publishes Treatise on Civil Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding , laying the groundwork for modern political philosophy and theories of knowledge.

1750

Peak of Enlightenment and the rise of reason and individualism, influencing various fields such as politics, science, and art.

1762-1796

Reign of Catherine The Great in Russia, known for her expansion of the empire, reforms, and promotion of the arts and education.

1776

The American revolution and the publishing of Adam' Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, which laid the foundations for modern economics and capitalism. “invisible hand” “lasserie-Faire”

1792

Mary wollstonecraftpublished A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocating for women's education and equality in society.

1800-1815

Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte in France, characterized by military conquests, the establishment of the Napoleonic Code, and significant political changes across Europe.

1815

Congress of Vienna reestablished European order after the Napoleonic Wars and aimed to maintain a balance of power among nations.

1848

The revolutions of 1848 were a series of political uprisings across Europe, driven by demands for democratic reforms, national sovereignty, and social justice.

1859

Darwin, On the origin of Species was published, introducing the theory of evolution by natural selection.

1871

Unification of Germany was achieved through a series of wars led by Otto von Bismarck, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire. Paris commune

1884-1885

is the period of the Berlin Conference, where European powers divided Africa for colonization. Led by Otto von Bismark “scramble for Africa”

1905

Russian Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and significant social and political reforms. The revolution resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the creation of the Duma, which aimed to provide a legislative body for the Russian people.

1925

Hitler published Mein Kampf, outlining his ideology and political plans for Germany.

1961

Construction of the berlin wall by Russia to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the division of Germany and the Cold War tensions.

1350-1550

Renaissance

1450-1600

Age of Exploration marked by overseas exploration, the expansion of trade routes, and cultural exchanges between Europe and the Americas.

1500s

The Reformation was a religious movement that led to the establishment of Protestant churches, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and resulting in significant social and political changes in Europe.

1520s-1648

religious warfare in Europe primarily between Catholics and Protestants, culminating in the Thirty Years' War.

1648-1789

Absolutism

1540s-1700

Scientific revolution that transformed human understanding of the natural world through advances in fields like astronomy, physics, biology, and chemistry.

1690-1750

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, influencing politics, philosophy, and science.

1776-1848

Liberal revolutions that sought to establish democratic governance and promote civil liberties across Europe and the Americas.

1750-1850

Industrial revolution powered by Iron and Steam

1848- 1871

Age of Nationalism

1850-1914

second industrial revolution

1870-1914

Imperialism of Africa and Asia

1914-1918

World war one, started by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to widespread conflict among major powers.

1922-1938

The interwar period marked by economic challenges, the Great Depression, and the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe.

1939-1945

World war 2 characterized by global conflict involving major world powers, resulting in significant social and political changes.

1945-1990

Cold war era marked by political tension, military rivalry, and ideological conflict primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union.

1572

Saint bartholomew's Day Massacre, a targeted killing of Huguenots in France. Started by Catholic factions in an attempt to eliminate Protestant influence.

1600-1660

Dutch/Netherlands’ golden age

1650-1750

Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain that led to increased food production, population growth, and changes in land use and farming techniques.

1689-1725

peter the greatwas the Tsar of Russia who implemented extensive reforms to modernize Russia and expand its territory. He is known for his efforts to westernize Russian society and government.

1740-1748

War of Austrian succession started by disputes over succession to the Habsburg monarchy, involving multiple European powers.

1756-1763

Seven years war that involved most of the great powers of the time and was fought across Europe, North America, and India. It was a global conflict that significantly affected colonial empires.

1792

French revolution’s the Terror

1867

Duel monarchy from Austria to Austro-Hungary

1919

Treaty of Versailles that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, and reshaping the geopolitical landscape of Europe.

1917-1921

Russian Bolshevik Revolution led to the establishment of the Soviet Union and marked the rise of communist rule in Russia.

1951- present

EU

1989

Fall of the USSR

1500-1550

Northern Renaissance art

1550-1600

Baroque art characterized by dramatic expression, deep color, and grandeur.

1550-1600

Mannerism was an artistic style that emerged in Europe, characterized by exaggerated proportions, complex compositions, and a departure from the harmonious ideals of the Renaissance, often reflecting emotional tension.

1650-1750

Neoclassicism art movement emphasizing classical ideals, simplicity, and symmetry.

1800-1850

Realism focused on depicting everyday life and ordinary people, often challenging romantic idealism.

1800-1850

Romantics

1870-1890

impressionism was an art movement that originated in France, characterized by small, visible brushstrokes, vibrant colors, and an emphasis on light and its changing qualities.

1890-present

post impressionism is a reaction against Impressionism, emphasizing more abstract forms and emotions in art.

1910-1920

Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that broke subjects into geometric shapes and depicted them from multiple viewpoints.

1920s

roaring 20s in america

1930s

surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, known for its visual artworks and writings that sought to challenge the conventional perceptions of reality through bizarre and dream-like imagery.

1469

Unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella’s marriage

1531

Diet of Augsburg, told everyone to convert to Catholic

1585

War of three Henries was a conflict in France between Catholic and Protestant factions that resulted in significant political strife during the late 16th century.

1618

30 years war was a widespread conflict in Europe primarily involving the Holy Roman Empire, characterized by a struggle between Catholic and Protestant states.

1648-1653

La fronde was a series of civil wars in France, stemming from discontent with the monarchy and its policies, leading to a power struggle between the nobility and the royal authority.

1772-1795

Partition of Poland

1500s-1600s

Spain was a military powerhouse

1851

Great Exhibition of 1851 was the first international exhibition of manufactured products, held in the Crystal Palace in London.

1935

Nuremburg laws were laws enacted in Nazi Germany that classified Jews as non-citizens and laid the groundwork for racial discrimination and persecution.

1940

Battle of Britian was a significant air campaign waged by the German Luftwaffe against the United Kingdom during World War II.

1942

Battle of Stalingrad was a pivotal confrontation between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II, marked by fierce fighting and monumental loss of life, ultimately resulting in a decisive Soviet victory.

1750

women are educated under catholic conventsduring the Enlightenment era, providing them with religious and basic academic instruction while preparing them for roles in society.

1528

Baldassare Castiglione’s book “the courtier" emphasized the ideal qualities of a noble person and provided guidance on etiquette and courtly behavior. More focused on the education and character of an ideal courtier in Renaissance society. Men should be proficient in the humanities

1516

Concordat of Bologna was an agreement between Pope Leo X and King Francis I of France, allowing the French king to appoint bishops and abbots, significantly increasing the power of the monarchy in religious matters.

1521

The Diet of Worms was an imperial council that addressed Martin Luther's teachings and determined his status as an outlaw for refusing to recant his writings.

Austria 1848

the revolution of 1848 in Austria

• started by poor harvest, unemployment, and high prices that led to greater demands for liberal reforms and national independence.

• The protests caused Metternich to flee

• Emperor Ferdinand I promised constitutional reform and established a parliament, but these promises were not fully realized, leading to a resurgence of conservative control. (added less censorship and too the standing army out of the capital )

• protesters formed the national guard

• Habsburgs crushed the rebellion

France 1848

Known as the February Revolt

• Causes: Poor harvest, unemployment, and the limited rights put in place by Louis-Philippe

• French protesters led march for food, Louis had shots fired into the crowd

• national outrage

• louis abdicates

• second republic put in place allowing universal male suffrage and an end to the monarchy.

• put the next ruler in power, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew) '

• prussia (otto von Bismark) goads napoleon into the franco-prussian war which led to the collapse of the Second Empire and the establishment of the German Empire.

• napoleon captured

1871

treaty of france concluded the Franco-Prussian War, leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. Napoleon (nephew’s) defeat causing France to put new ruler in power, the Third Republic was established.

1825

Decemberist revolt in Russia, where a group of army officers protested against the ascension of Nicholas I to the throne, advocating for constitutional reform and the abolition of serfdom. They lost and were crushed by the government forces, leading to a period of repression. Where everything became extra conservative.

1924

Daws plan, a financial plan to stabilize the German economy after World War I by restructuring reparations payments and providing foreign loans. America loans → Germany respirations → Allies debts → America. Failed due to the great depression.

1815-1871

Italian unification by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Cavour, culminating in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy. This period involved various wars and treaties that consolidated Italian states into a unified nation. Garibaldi unified Italy from the bottom up, France pulled out of the other parts of Italy during the franco-Prussian war, all parts of Italy given to ruler of piedmont,

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.

1921

New economic policy put in place by Vladimer Lenin, aimed at revitalizing the Soviet economy after the devastation of the Russian Civil War. It allowed for some private enterprise and market mechanisms while maintaining state control over major industries.

1938

Munich Agreement, a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, aimed at appeasing Hitler. The Allies gave Hitler back Sudenland, in order to avoid war.