Micro Exam #3

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124 Terms

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1st line defense

skin, mucous membranes, and antimicrobial substances

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2nd line defense

slow or contain infections - inflammation, fever, phagocytes, NK cells

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3rd line defense

lymphocytes, memory component

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innate (non-specific)

  • non-inducible ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products

  • does not require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products

  • external barricades and internal defenses

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adaptive (specific)

  • acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products

  • dependent on previous exposure to a pathogen or its products

  • directed toward an individual molecular component of a pathogen (antigen)

  • takes longer to activate but keeps record

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antigen

an individual molecular component of a pathogen (what our antibodies bind to)

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natural host defense

the ability of microbes to cause disease Aries between species (ex. HIV can’t be given to dogs)

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infection site and tissue specificity

  • different pathogens invade different tissues

  • route of infection is crucial

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Microbiome

  • normal microbiota helps host resist pathogens, particularly on the skin and in the gut

  • sometimes called probiotics

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physical barriers

limits the ability of the microbe to attach or replicate in tissue

(ex. skin, mucous membranes, fluid)

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competitive exclusion

  • our body’s good bacteria fights for a spot in our body

  • typically wins over pathogens which then protects us

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chemical barriers

usually destructive to microbes

(ex. sebum, earwax, gastric juice, urine, etc.)

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skin

  • physical barrier

  • 1st line

  • epidermis, shedding of top layers

  • dry, salty, & acidic plus competitive exclusion

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mucous membranes

  • physical barrier

  • secretion of mucous

  • tears and saliva - help dilute and wash away microorganisms before infection can occur

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bodily fluids

  • physical barrier

  • earwax, urine, vomiting, defecation, and diarrhea all help protect our body

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sebum

  • chemical barrier

  • inhibits growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungus via antimicrobial peptides, slightly acidic

  • oil

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perspiration

  • chemical barrier

  • helps cool skin and contains lysozyme

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lysozyme

  • chemical barrier

  • enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan

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earwax

  • chemical barrier

  • physical barrier, but also helps drop pH of the ear canal

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saliva

  • chemical barrier

  • begins to break down starches (amylase)

  • has lysozyme, uric acid, and also contains IgA

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gastric juice

  • chemical barrier

  • pH range of 1-3

  • found in stomach

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urine

  • chemical barrier

  • contains lysozyme

  • is acidic (pH6)

  • found in bladder

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vaginal secretions

  • chemical barrier

  • mucus inhibits microbial attachment

  • L. acidophilus creates an acidic pH range inhibiting growth

  • found in females

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probiotics

  • lactobacillus, fifidobacterium, and saccharomyces are 3 common ones

  • alter pH and oxygen concentrations to inhibit other bacteria

  • block pathogenic bacterial effects by producing bactericidal substances

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hematopoiesis

production of blood cells and platelets from pluripotent stem cells

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neutropenia

low number of immune cells

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neutrophilia

high number of immune cells

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basophils

  • patrol system for foreign bodies

  • upon recognizing a microbe, the cell secretes histamine to recruit more immune cells

  • histamine causes inflammation

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mast cells

  • in tissue looking for foreign bodies

  • very similar to basophils but do not patrol - stay within tissues (usually CT under the skin & mucous membranes)

  • also release histamine and other chemical to induce inflammation

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eosinophils

  • target parasitic infections and play a role in allergic reactions

  • attach to parasites and discharge peroxide ions to destroy then

  • seem to be increased in # due to allergies

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neutrophils

  • most numerous

  • 1st to be recruited to site of infection

  • phagocytize & destroy bacteria/foreign bodies - use lysosomes

  • destroy bacterial toxins in body fluids

  • only live a few days

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monocytes

  • in the blood - macrophages in the tissues

  • better at killing variety of pathogens

  • live a few months

  • present pieces of dead microbes on surface (antigen presentation) and a larger immune response occurs

  • present antigens to T-cells

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fixed macrophages

residents in tissues and organs

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free macrophages

roam tissues and gather at sites of infections

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dendritic cells

  • phagocytize microbes

  • also present pieces of dead microbes on surface to activate adaptive immune response

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natural killer cells

  • primarily kill virally infected cells, but can help kill cancerous cells and bacteria

  • recognize cells that do not display MCH 1

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MCH

major histocompatibility complex

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granzyme

an enzyme that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis)

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perforin

poles holes in (perforates) the target membrane

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1 - Recognize the microbe

mast cells and fixed macrophages are the 1st to respond, but eosinophils and basophils are close behind

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2 - Recruitment

cells begin to release chemicals (cytokines) to recruit the rest of the immune system via inflammation and fever

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3 - phagocytosis

fixed macrophages are 1st but are helped by neutrophils, which are recruited next and are the major phagocytic cells, free macrophages and dendritic cells to eat microbes

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4 - induce complement

a cell-free system to kill and target microbes

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5 - combating viruses

interferon (a type of cytokine) and dendritic cells

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PAMP

  • pathogen associated molecular patterns

  • structures and molecules not found in or on the host cells

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PRR

  • pattern recognition receptors

  • found on mast cells

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diapedesis

release of cytokines and innate cells from blood circulation

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pyrogens

fever causing cytokines

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transferrins

sequester iron, keeping it away from pathogens and limiting their growth

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chemotaxis

chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms

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adherence

attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism

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MAC

  • membrane attack complex

  • poke holes in the cell

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opsonization

help phagocyte grab microbe

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interferons

  • small cytokine proteins that are produced by virally infected cells

  • serve as a warning system

  • prevent viral replication by stimulating the production of antiviral proteins

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humoral

  • B cells

  • antibodies from those B cells recognize antigens of non-self cells and mark them for destruction

  • mostly fight invaders outside of the cell

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cellular

  • T cells

  • primarily respond to antigens after they have made their way inside a cell

  • involved in cytokine production attacking infections and memory cells

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B cells

  • originate and mature in bone marrow

  • mature into plasma cells or memory cells

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plasma cells

  • fight infection by producing antibodies which attach to bacteria or viruses

  • agglutination, enhances phagocytosis, activation of complement, neutralization

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memory cells

  • live a long time

  • can differentiate into plasma cells during a subsequent infection

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T cells

  • originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus

  • 98% killed in the thymus (not smart enough)

  • all mature by the time you reach puberty

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helper T cells

  • CD4

  • release cytokines and call in reinforcements

  • once activated - produces more helper T cells, memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells

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cytotoxic T cells

  • directly kill bacteria or infected host cell

  • use granzymes and perforin

  • looks for antigen presented on MHC 1 on infected host cell

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regulatory/suppressor T cells

  • stops immune response

  • also inhibit food allergies

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memory T cells

  • long lived and help speed up the process during subsequent infection

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leukocytes

all WBCs - mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, etc.

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lymphocytes

  • immune cells often found in lymph nodes

  • primarily B & T cells, also can include NK cells

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1 - antigen presentation

innate immune cells must present a piece of the microbe to T cells

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2 - clonal selection and expansion

only B & T cells that recognize the antigen begin to grow

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3 - release of cytokines

many different cytokines are released to induce a robust immune response

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4 - killing virally infected cells

T killer cells are primed by T-helper cells and kill virally infected cells

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5 - antibody release

antibodies neutralize and help with opsonization of microbes and toxins

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6 - memory

memory B & T cells remember the microbe in case the host is infected again

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antigen presenting cells (APCs)

  • engulf, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes

  • macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

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antigen

  • protein or polysaccharide that stimulates immune system

  • substance that reacts with antibody molecules and antigen receptors on lymphocytes

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epitopes

the actual proteins or fragments of an antigen that react with receptors (5-15 amino acids or 3-4 sugars)

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MHC 1

  • on all nucleated cells

  • signals “we need help” or “i’m infected”

  • CD8+ or T cells

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MHC 2

  • only certain immune cells

  • Signals “we need help”

  • CD4+ T cells

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interleukins

cytokines which serve as the intermediary between leukocytes

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chemokine

cytokines that induce migration of leukocytes into areas of infection

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interferons

originally named for interfering with viral infections

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tumor necrosis factor

cytokines named because originally seemed tumor cells were targets - involved in inflammation

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hemopoietic cytokines

these aid in the control of the pathway of WBC recruitment and maturation

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cytokine storm

cytokines also stimulate the production of more/other cytokines - these loops can get supercharged and can cause overproduction

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IgA

  • found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk

  • prevent adherence of microbes to mucosal surfaces

  • short-lived

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IgD

  • part of the B cell receptor

  • activates basophils and mast cells

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IgG

  • secreted by plasma cells in the blood

  • able to cross the placenta into the fetus

  • most abundant and long-lived

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IgE

  • protects against parasitic worms

  • responsible for allergic reactions

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IgM

  • may be attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into blood

  • responsible for early stages of immunity

  • short-lived

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hypersensitivity

inappropriate immune response that results in host damage

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Type 1 Hypersensitivity

  • caused by IgE antibodies

  • reactions occur within minutes after exposure

  • often though of as an allergy

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Type 2 & 3 Hypersensitivity

  • typically a result of IgG antibodies

  • occur within 24 hour of exposure

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type 2

Rh factor rejection in mother of a Rh+ child

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type 3

rheumatoid arthritis

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type 4 hypersensitivity

  • result of T killer cells attack the host or T helper cells

  • immune system has mistakenly decided that a host protein is a foreign antigen

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SCID

  • severe combined immune deficiency syndrome

  • serious, congenital deficiency of both B and T cells

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AIDS

  • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

  • caused by HIV infection that progresses and kills CD4 and T cells

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immunity

the ability of an organism to resist infection

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active natural

exposed to the disease

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passive natural

antibodies cross placenta or breast milk (temporary)

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artificial active

active immune system responses to antigen from vaccine