AP History 1.5-1.6

What major religion's growth increased connections among cultures in Africa, Asia, and southern Europe?

Islam

How did African societies that adopted Islam interact with their traditional practices?

They retained many of their long-standing traditions.

What type of political structure was common in inland Africa during this period?

Kin-based networks where families governed themselves.

What was the role of a chief in kin-based networks in inland Africa?

To mediate conflicts and deal with neighboring groups.

What was the significance of the Hausa Kingdom in modern-day Nigeria?

It consisted of seven loosely connected states with no central authority.

What trade routes did the Hausa Kingdom benefit from?

The Trans-Saharan trade routes.

What geographic barrier exists between Sub-Saharan Africa and the northern regions?

The Sahara Desert.

What innovation was crucial for the Trans-Saharan trade?

The introduction of camels and effective saddles.

What were the main goods traded from the South and North in the Trans-Saharan trade?

South: crops, gold, ivory, kola nuts, slaves; North: manufactured goods, salt, horses, cloth, dates.

Who was Sundiata and what was his significance in the Mali Empire?

Sundiata, called the 'Lion Prince,' built a large army to win Mali's independence and established trade relationships.

What was Mansa Musa known for during his pilgrimage to Mecca?

His caravan reportedly included 60,000 people and 100 camels loaded with gold.

What impact did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage have on the value of gold in Mecca?

He brought down the value of gold due to the amount he brought.

What architectural achievement is associated with Mansa Musa in Timbuktu?

The Djinguereber Mosque.

What characterized the Great Zimbabwe kingdom in terms of architecture and economy?

Wealth demonstrated through stone structures and a mix of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.

What were the Swahili city-states and their role in trade?

They were major centers of trade on the East African coast, serving as middlemen for goods.

What was unique about the Kingdom of Axum in terms of religion?

It was one of the first Christian states and thrived on trade from the Indian Ocean.

How did the social structure of Sub-Saharan Africa reflect gender roles?

Communities were patriarchal, but women played significant roles in agriculture and domestic responsibilities.

What was the Zanj Rebellion?

A series of revolts led by enslaved East Africans in Mesopotamia, considered one of the most successful slave revolts in history.

What role did griots/griotes play in Sub-Saharan African culture?

They were storytellers who preserved history and cultural knowledge through music and oral tradition.

What was the impact of overgrazing on Great Zimbabwe?

It damaged the surrounding environment, leading to the abandonment of the city by the end of the 1400s.

What period is referred to as the 'Dark Ages'?

The period after the fall of Rome in the 5th and 6th centuries characterized by halted intellectual endeavors and unstable kingdoms.

What system replaced the centralized Roman Empire in Europe?

Feudalism, a decentralized form of government based on the exchange of land for protection and loyalty.

What was the primary basis of wealth in the feudal system?

Wealth was based on land (fiefs) rather than cash.

Who were the serfs in the manorial system?

Serfs were peasants bonded to the land they worked, spending most of their lives on manors and requiring permission from their lord for personal matters.

What was the Code of Chivalry?

A set of rules guiding knights, emphasizing loyalty, bravery, and respect for women and the weak.

What significant event did King John of England sign in 1215?

The Magna Carta, which limited the power of the king and established civil rights such as trial by jury.

What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages?

The Church was the most powerful institution, providing continuity, education, and social services while gaining political power.

What were the Crusades?

Military campaigns from 1095 to the 1200s where European Christians sought to regain control of the Holy Land.

What was the outcome of the First Crusade?

A clear victory for Christians, capturing Jerusalem in July 1099.

What was the significance of the Fourth Crusade?

Crusaders were diverted to sack Christian cities, including Zara and Constantinople, rather than reaching the Holy Land.

What technological advancement in 1440 changed information dissemination?

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, which reduced book costs and increased accessibility.

What was the impact of the Renaissance on language and nationalism?

The rise of powerful monarchies and the use of vernacular languages led to increased nationalism.

What characterized the manorial system?

Large estates (manors) were self-sufficient, providing food and resources with limited trade and outside contact.

What led to the political decentralization in medieval Europe?

The formation of monarchies and the feudal system where lords managed land and provided protection.

What was the Estates-General in France?

An assembly formed by the estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) to advise the king, though it had little power.

Who were the Normans and what did they do in 1066?

The Normans were French-settled Vikings who invaded and conquered England under William the Conqueror.

What was the Reconquista?

Military campaigns by Christian kingdoms to reclaim land lost to Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, completed in 1492.

What was the significance of the Germanic kingdoms in medieval Europe?

They replaced the Roman Empire, with loyalty often tied to tribe or family rather than a centralized kingdom.

What was the three-field system?

An agricultural practice where crops were rotated through three fields, with two in use and one resting to replenish.

What was the role of monasteries during the Middle Ages?

Monasteries preserved ancient documents, provided education, and offered health services.

What were some issues of corruption within the Church?

Corruption included practices like simony and nepotism, as well as charging for prayers and indulgences.

What was the impact of Viking, Muslim, and Hunnic raids on trade in medieval Europe?

These raids interrupted trade, contributing to the economic decline during the Dark Ages.

What was the relationship between lords and knights in the feudal system?

Lords granted land to knights in exchange for military service, guided by the Code of Chivalry.

What was the significance of vernacular languages during the Renaissance?

The use of vernacular languages helped bridge the gap between the Middle Ages and modern civilization.

What characterized political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450?

Formation of monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

What was the impact of the fall of the Roman Empire on Europe?

It led to the 'Dark Ages' marked by halted intellectual endeavors, smaller kingdoms, and interrupted trade.