APHUG5 Chart Memorization

Describe the climate of shifting cultivation regions

low-latitude “tropics”, humid, high temperatures, abundant rainfall, tropical rainforests

Provide examples of regions in which shifting cultivation is practiced

Amazon, sub-Saharan Africa, \n Indonesian islands, inland SE Asia

How much of the world’s land and population participates in shifting cultivation?

25% world land area, 5% of population involved in production

How is land cleared in shifting cultivation?

“slash and burn” cutting and crop rotational practices

Consequences of shifting cultivation

No new plant growth, quick fertility loss, leaching from constant rainfall

What crops are produced by shifting cultivation?

It varies by region

What are the effect of modernization on shifting cultivation?

Declining land area for farming, more commercial agriculture than other things, destruction of rainforests,

swidden, milpa, lading

terms for an area cleaed for planting

Where is pastoral nomadism practiced?

North Africa, SW Asia, Central Asia, W. China, \n Mongolia

What climate is typically seen in areas where pastoral nomadism is practiced?

arid, semi-arid regions, marginal (unused) regions

Is the movement involved in pastoral nomadism random?

Noo- based on territoriality

True or false: nomadism is a misnomer

True; migration is routine and based on knowledge of the land,

Transhumance

transitioning from one latitude to another to allow for more grazing opportunities

In pastoral nomadism, herders obtain grain from sedentary \n farmers in exchange for

land or supplies

What is cultivated through pastoral nomadism?

animals depend on region (camels in the Sahara, yaks in the \n Himalayas, cattle in Kenya)

What are the effects of modernization upon pastoral nomadism?

nomads no longer serve roles as messengers and informants, government has taken large portions of land for recreational use

are the animals involved in pastoral nomadism typically eaten?

No; they are a source of power and wealth

What are the two types of intensive subsistence farming?

rice, non-rice

What type of climate is needed for intensive, subsistence rice farming?

rainy, subtropical

What type of climate is needed for intensive, subsistence (not-rice) farming?

harsh and dry

Where is subsistence, intensive rice farming found?

SE China, Philippines, Coastal \n India, Ganges River Valley

Where is subsistence, intensive not-rice farming found?

North China, inland SE Asia, \n Andes mountains, Central America, Fertile \n Crescent/Turkey, East/Central Africa

Where is intensive, subsistence farming found?

areas with high populations and agricultural densities, areas with little mechanization

Describe the labor force in subsistence, intensive farming

many farmers, small plots, little land is wasted, little grazing

Other than rice, what kinds of crops does intensive, subsistence farming produce?

wheat, barley, millet, corn, soybeans

Effects of modernization on intensive subsistence farming

increased use of fertilizers, mechanization, western farming techniques, more debt to suppliers

what is used to grow rice?

swadahs or rice paddies, which are flooded, flat land, teraced hillsides, crop rotation

How does crop rotation help the soil?

It deters exhaustion

Plantation farming climate

depeends based on luxury crops

Where is plantation farming found?

Central America, Colombia, Guianas, coastal \n Brazil, Mississippi delta, Kenya, Java, Eastern \n Madagascar, Sri Lanka, NE Australia

What kind of land is used for plantation farming?

large estates, sparsely populated, owned by MDC corporations, LDC

Describe the people involved in plantation farming?

LDC populations, many children, males are absent from family life, men engage in risky situations

Crops produced by plantation farming

cash/luxury crops, coffee, tea, rubber, tobacco, sugarcane, \n cotton

Effects of modernization on plantation farming:

switching to cash crops decreases food supply in LDC’s, native growers earn minimum cash

What is special about plantation farming?

It’s the only type of commercial farming found in LDC’s

Where is dairy farming found?

In the milk shed- closest ring outside urban center, northern part of midlatitudes, close proximity to stores due to high perishability

In what parts of the world can one see dairy farming?

Europe = NW, Alps, USA = NE, Great Lakes, Upper \n Midwest, Pacific NW. SW Australia

Decribe the labor involved in dairy farming…

labor-intensive due to need for constant attention

Describe the primary complication with dairy farming

Finding feed during the winter

Products produced by dairy farming

dairy products

Effects of modernization on dairy farming

milkshed expansion due to refrigeration and preservatives, now produced in LDC’s primarily

Where is mixed crop and livestock found?

US between Appalachians and just west of Mississippi River \n (Iowa = center of the “Corn Belt”), North European Plain (between France and Russia), Japan, Transvaal in South Africa

What is farmer is Dutch?

Boer

What is most of the land involved in mixed crop and livestock devoted to?

feed growth, and is fertilized by livestock manure

What are the main crops in mixed crop and livestock?

corn and soybeans

The effects of modernization of mixed crop and livestock

crop rotation is used, less fields less sallow

Where does most of the profit for mixed crop and livestock come from?

livestock sales

Where is grain farming conducted?

areas too dry for other productions, milder winters,

Where around the world is grain farming found?

N. America = Winter-wheat belt, KS, CO, OK, Dakotas, Montana, Saskatchewan, Pampas (SE South America in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil), Ukraine, Russia steppe, Australia

Describe the grain farmng process

heavily mechanized, extensive land use, large farms

Descrie the grain farming labor force

not uniform, farmer may split year between farms in two \n different belts.

What crops are produced through grain farming?

wheat is world’s leading export, 1/2 comes from US and Canada

Effects of modernization on grain farming

crops now sold to manufacturers in MDC’s, US is the largest commercial producer of grains, now for human consumption rather than animal

LCDS

crop is directly consumed (subsistence wet rice not dominant)

Where is livestock ranching found?

Western US, Mexico, Australia

Ranching conflict with sedentary farmers:

Range wars, force ranchers into marginal MDC environments,

ranching in Australia, NZ (sheep), Europe, (Spain/Portugal), Pampas (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil)

follows similar pattern of isolation and \n decline due to competition for land with sedentary \n farming

Land involved in livestock ranching

Extensive in MDC’s, done in specialized parts, land area increased due to irrigation, lowering land costs and increasing farmer profit

What is produced through livestock ranching?

cattle and beef

Effects of modernization on livestock ranching

Cattle sent to fattening farms, CAFO’s, often located around highways and railroads, processing is no longer a independent process

CAFO’s:

concentrated animal feeding operation

What kind of land is involved in mediterranean farming?

typically on the western coast of land masses, particular climate, sea air, limited moisture, hilly terain

Where is meditteranean farming found?

Mediterranean coast, Southern California, Chile, \n South Africa and SW Australia

What kind of land is involved in mediterranean farming?

Dry and requiring massive irrigation,

What is a majority of mediterranean products devoted to?

Human consumption

What is produced through mediterranean agriculture?

olives, grapes, wheat, citrus fruit, tree nuts, desiduous fruit

How has modernization had an effect on mediterannean agriculture?

Loss of land due to competition with other types of agriculture

Horticulture

the growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers

Where is commercial gardening and fruit farming primarily found?

SE USA, areas with long growing seasons with \n access to large markets of east coast

Describe the labor force involved in commercial gardening and fruit farming production

Often undocumented workers due to the possibility of cheap labor, lots of mechanization use

What is produced through commercial gardening and fruit farming?

fresh produce for farmers markets, Apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes, some fresh some \n canned

Effects of modernization on commercial gardening and fruit farming:

Has spread to NE due to decline in dairy farming, has become a trend amongst the wealthier population

truck farming

another name for commercial gardening and fruit farming, as fresh produce is typically transported by way of truck