Anatomy Chapter 6 Study Guide sobbing on floor pt 2

The functions of the skeletal system

1. structural support and storage for calcium and lipids
2. blood cell production
3. protection and leverage

an important energy reserve in bone that stores lipids

Yellow Marrow

Two skeletal functions that depend on the dynamic nature of the bone are...?

support and storage of minerals

Bone and cartilage are...?

the support tissues of the body

A difference between compact and spongy bone is?

compact bone is a basic functional unit of the osteon/Haversian system

Compact bone is usually found where...?

stresses arrive from a limited range of directions

Spongy and cancellous bone resemble a network of bony struts separated by spaces filled with...?

bone marrow

Spongy bone is usually found...?

in the epiphyses of long bones

the basic functional unit of compact bones is the...?

osteon system

the expanded region of a long bone consisting of spongy bone is called the...?

Epiphysis

The ossification process first occurs in the...?

diaphysis

The inner layer of perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts: Which Step is this in endochondral ossification?

2

Blood vessels invade epiphysis; osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification. Which Step is this in endochondral ossification?

5

Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, then die. Which Step is this in endochondral ossification?

1

Bone enlarges; osteoclasts break down spongy bone, creating a marrow cavity. Which Step is this in endochondral ossification?

4

Osteoblasts form spongy bone at a primary center of ossification. Which Step is this in endochondral ossification?

3

Secondary ossification centers occur...?

in the center of the epiphysis

When sexual hormone production increases, bone growth...?

accelerates rapidly

Endocondral ossification begins with the formation of...?

cartilage model

variations in body size and proportions in bone growth between men and women are due to...?

differences in sex hormones

Vitamins that are important for normal bone growth and maintenance are..?

A, C, D3

the process of remodeling in bone involves...?

removal and replacement of protein and mineral components of bone.

When one osteon forms through osteoblast activity, another is destroyed by...?

osteoclasts

One way to maintain bone strength and mass is....

to apply stress to bones during exercise.

Bones will usually heal after being damaged as long as...?

cellular components of the endosteum and periosteum survive and there is a blood supply.

The two hormones parathyroid and calcitriol....

elevate calcium levels in body fluids.

One homeostatic mechanism of the skeleton is?

one osteon forms through the activity of osteoblasts, another is destroyed by osteoclasts.

The nutrient essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract

Vitamin D

The most abundant mineral in the body (99% is deposited in the skeleton)

Calcium

Bones not subjected to ordinary stress become...

thin and brittle

Calcitonin functions to...

depress the level of calcium in body fluids

The muscles in the axial skeleton...? (functions)

1.stabilize or position elements of the appendicular skeleton.
2.perform respiratory movements.
3.adjust the positions of the head, neck, and trunk.

Bones exclusively found in the axial skeleton are...

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid

The axial skeleton supports and protects organ systems in which cavities?

dorsal and ventral body cavities

Bones that make up the appendicular division of the skeleton are?

pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the upper and lower limbs.

A functional difference between the appendicular and axial divisions is that the appendicular division...

makes you an active, mobile individual

A structure which includes both the appendicular and axial skeleton is the?

pelvis

The compromise of the articulations in the appendicular skeleton is...?

the stronger the joint, the more restricted the range of motion.

The bones of the skeleton provide an extensive surface area for the attachment of...?

muscles

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the...?

clavicle

The bones of the skull are not damages at birth because of what?

fontanels

At age 5 the most significant growth in the skull occurs when...?

the brain stops growing and cranial structures develop

Single, unpaired bones in the cranium

occipital, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid

paired bones of the cranium

parietal and temporal

associated bones of the skull

hyoid and auditory ossicles

sutures that articulate the bones of the skull

lambdoid, sagittal, coronal, and squamous

Foramina are passageways for...?

nerves and blood vessels

Areas of the head involved with skull formation are?

ossification centers

internal chambers of the skull are found in the

sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bone

Vertebrae that effect the volume of the rib cage

thoracic

lumbar vertebrae are the...

most massive and least mobile

atlas and axis are identified as

C1 and C2

gaps that permit the passage of nerves to or from the enclosed spinal cord are?

intervertebral foramina

How many cervical vertebrae?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae?

5

Cervical vertebrae have...

transverse foramina

The odontoid process is found in the?

axis

Costal processes are found in the?

thoracic vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae have...

facets for the articulation of ribs

The attachment site for muscle that closes the anal opening

coccyx

Vertebrae that hold up the head.

atlas

Vertebrae that stabilize the brain and spinal cord.

cervical

Bones of the pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapulae

primary function of the pectoral girdle

provide a base for arm movement

Bones of the pelvic girdle

ilium, pubis, and ischium

The heavy bones of the pelvic girdle do what?

bear the weight of the body

The type of tissue that stabilizes, positions, and braces the pectoral girdle

muscle

the process where the scapula articulates with the end of the clavicle

acromion process

the scapula articulates with the end of the humerus to form what?

the shoulder joint

parallel bones of the forearm

ulna and radius

The pubic symphysis...?

limits movement between the two pubic bones

Bone that articulates with the coxa.

femur

longest and heaviest bone

femur

females pelvis' are?

broad, light, and smooth

the ulna and radius have long shafts that contain like processes called?

styloid processes

The process the tibia and fibula have in common

maviolus

The popiliteal ligaments reinforce the back of the...?

knee

two types of joints with connective tissue binding them together are?

fibrous and cartilaginous joints

Sutures, gomphoses, and synchondroses identify which kind of joint?

immovable joints

Diarthroses or synovial joints are which type of joint?

freely movable joints

Joint that permits the greatest range of motion

shoulder joint

The knee is a -------- joint

synovial

the purposes of synovial fluid that fills a joint cavity

1. nourishes the chondrocytes
2. provides lubrication
3. acts as a shock absorber

Functions of the menisci

1. subdivide a synovial cavity
2.channel flow of synovial fluid
3.allow for variations in the shapes of articular surfaces

A synarthrotic joint found only between the bones of the skull.

Suture

Totally rigid immovable joint resulting from fusion.

Synarticosis

What does flexion do?

reduces the angle between the articulating elements.

Movements of the vertebral column.

1. flexion and extension
2. lateral flexion
3. rotation

Thumbs have a ---- joint.

saddle

Contraction of the biceps brachii muscle produces...?

Supination of the forearm and flexion of the elbow

The elbow joint is very stable because....

1. the humerus and ulna lock
2. the articular capsule is thick
3. the capsule is reinforced by stout ligaments

Point of contact in the knee joint are constantly changing because...

1. there is not one unified capsule of synovial cavity
2. menisci conform to the shape of the femur surface
3. the rounded femoral condyles roll across the tibia

Functions of the intervertebral discs.

1. shock absorbers
2. prevent bone to bone contact
3. allow for flexion and rotation

The skeletal system is associated with all other systems because...

1. provides mechanical support
2. stores energy reserves
3. stores calcium and phosphate

How the skeletal system is connected to the nervous system.

The skeletal system:
1. stores calcium for neural functions
2. has receptors at joints to relate body positions
3. protects the brain and spinal cord

How the respiratory system is associated with the skeletal system.

The respiratory system provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

The urinary system supports the skeletal system by:

1. disposing of waste products
2. conserving calcium and phosphate ions
3. protecting the kidneys and ureters