Studied by 1 person
mutations, gene specialization, regulation
operon's default state is expressing (inducible/repressible)
repressible
operon's default state is off (inducible/repressible)
inducible
How is glucose related to the LAC operon?
Prokaryotes prefer to consume Glucose over Lactose, meaning that if glucose is available, it will indirectly inhibit lactose.
RNA polymerase is by default not able to bind, requiring an activator protein. (positive/negative regulation)
positive
RNA polymerase is by default able to bind, but can be blocked by a repressor protein. (positive/negative regulation)
negative
Transcriptional Regulation (eukaryotes)
A group of transcription factors bind to the promoter (as positive regulatory molecules).
RNA Processing Regulation
Addition of: (for recognition)
GTP Cap to the 5’ end
Poly(A) tail to the 3’ end
Splicing of introns and exons (introns are removed, exons are kept)
RNA editing (sequence)
RNA Stability/Translation Regulation:
siRNA (small interfering RNA)
miRNA (micro RNA)
Degrades or inhibits translation.
Post-Translational Modification
Addition of phosphate groups (active/inactive switch)
Addition of methyl/acetyl groups (open/close DNA)
Addition of sugar molecules to AA side chains (folding and stability)
Totipotent
Can become any type of cell (able to duplicate to an entire organism)
Pluripotent
Can become any type of cell, somewhat more limited
Multipotent
Can form a limited number of types of cells
Pax6
allows for the creation of an eye in an organism.
master regulator
(master regulator, switch for many genes + an entire developmental pathway)
Evolutionary Conservation
Transcription factor was present in the last common ancestor of many species, and maintained through evolution.
Point Mutation
Change in a single nucleotide
Nonmutant
Point: original strand, no changes
Silent
point, The original amino acid is still produced with a different combination.
Missense
point, A different protein is translated.
Small Insertions / Deletions
Deletion / insertion of a small sequence of nucleotides.
Mutant
i/d, results in a new/missing protein
Frameshift
i/d, reading frame is shifted
Transposons
“jumping genes” - can move from one place to another in a genome.
Non-coding RNA
inhibits
Positive Gene Regulation
: A regulatory protein binds to the operator region, allowing transcription.
Negative Gene Regulation:
A regulatory protein is removed from the operator region, allowing transcription.
Enhancer region:
50-100 codons downstream, something is more likely to be activated.
