APLANG Unit 2: Sentence Structures, Vocab, Logical Fallacies

sentence structure- a series without conjunctions

\-separate the items by comma
\-no conjunction links the final two items
\-quick fast paced sentence
\-**example**: Excited, hyped, jazzed, the friends left the concert feeling great.

sentence structure- a series with conjunctions

\-separate with a conjunction between each item
\-usually not more than 3 items
\-tumbling rhythm
\-**example**: Jay couldn't decide between tea or coffee or water.

sentence structure- a series of balanced pairs

-a series of pairs (2,3,4) w/ conjunction between each pair
-creates a balanced rhythm
-example: Great artists often seem to occur in pairs: Michelangelo and da Vinci, Gaugin and Van Gogh, Monet and Cezanne.

sentence structure- an introductory series of appositives (w/ a dash & summarizing subject)

\-begins w/ a cluster of appositives
\-Appositive, appositive, appositive --- summary word SV.
\-**example**: Twitter, Facebook, email --- which should he use?

Toiled (verb)

\-**definition:** to work hard
\-**synonyms**: strive, endeavor
\-**antonyms**: idle, laze, relaxed
\-**example**: Workers **toiled** long hours.

Prodigal (adj)

\-**definition:** given to wasteful expenditure
\-**synonyms**: extravagant, lavish
\-**antonyms**: thrifty, economical
\-**example**: Every **prodigal**, therefore, is a public enemy; every frugal man a public benefactor.

Prodigality (noun)

\-**definition:** given to wasteful expenditure
\-**synonyms**: excess, frill
\-**antonyms**: frugality, lack
\-**example**: But meanwhile they enjoyed themselves with the reckless **prodigality** possible only to such men.

Malevolence (noun)

\-**definition:** a desire to hurt others, evil
\-**synonym**: cynicism
\-**antonym**: benevolence
\-**example**: The werewolf rose up howling, blood coating its white fur, fangs gleaming in the moonlight, its eyes reflecting a rabid **malevolence** to match its deeds.

Poignant (adj)

\-**definition:** evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret.
\-**synonym**: depressing
\-**antonym**: cheerful, fulfillment
\-**example**: The photo was a **poignant** reminder of her childhood.

Punctilious (adj)

\-**definition:** painstaking; meticulous; strict attention to minute details
\-**synonym**: meticulous, attentive
\-**antonym**: easygoing, careless
\-**example**: He was **punctilious** in providing every amenity for his guests.

Retribution (noun)

\-**definition:** something justly deserved; taking revenge or correcting a wrong.
\-**synonym**: compensation, punishment
\-**antonym**: forgiveness, pardon, sympathy
\-**example**: The bullies became targets of her **retribution**.

Somnambulatory (noun/adj)

\-**definition:** sleepwalking
\-**synonym**: noctambulation, sleepwalk
\-**antonym**: stay in place, waking
\-**example**: In “The Matrix”, Morpheus presents Neo with a choice: he can take the blue pill and continue his **somnambulatory** existence within the Matrix, or he can take the red pill and become free from the virtual reality that the machines created to enslave humanity.

Tactless (adj)

\-**definition:** lacking or showing a lack of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others
\-**synonym**: insensitive, inconsiderate, thoughtless
\-**antonym**: careful, discreet, thoughtful
\-**example**: Because Jason was ignorant about mental illness, he did not realize his comment about depression was **tactless**.

Harrowed (verb)

\-**definition:** to cause distress
\-**synonym**: strained, stressed, tired
\-**antonym**: fresh, relaxed, unstressed
\-**example**: It grieved his mother that he was not found, that her heart had not been **harrowed** by the look of the swollen corpse.

Vestige (noun)

\-**definition:** a mark, trace or visible evidence of something that is no longer present or in existence
\-**synonym**: glimmer, relic, remnant
\-**antonym**: information, lot
\-**example**: There goes the last **vestige** of my youth!

Nebulous (adj)

\-**definition:** hazy, vague, indistinct or confused
\-**synonym**: ambiguous, imprecise, murky
\-**antonym**: clear, bright, certain
\-**example**: While the driver’s ed instructor thought his directions were clear, the students found them to be quite **nebulous**.

Ineffable (adj)

\-**definition:** incapable of being expressed, indescribable
\-**synonym**: ethereal, heavenly, unspeakable
\-**antonym**: definable, describable, utterable
\-**example**: An **ineffable** beauty descends upon the canyon as the sun begins to set.

hasty generalization

\-**definition:** an inference drawn from insufficient data
\-**example**: librarians are shy and smart

slippery slope

\-**definition:** the arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some awful consequence
\-**example**: animal experimentation causes us to lose respect for life. If we lose respect for life, we'll start killing each other and the world will end.

post hoc (false cause)

\-**definition:** assuming that because A comes before B, then A causes B.
\-**example**: President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime.

weak analogy

\-**definition:** using a comparison to make your point, but the two things being compared aren't related.
\-**example**: gun's are like hammers, they're both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone. And yet it would be ridiculous to restrict the purchases of hammers, so restrictions on purchasing guns are equally ridiculous.

ad populum/ bandwagon

\-**definition:** appealing to the shared opinion of a large group. Authority comes solely from the size, not the credentials, of the group cited.
\-**example**: everyone drives over the speed limit, so it should not be against the law

straw man

\-**definition:** when a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position
\-**example**:
wife: "I'd rather have a dog than a cat."
husband: "Why do you hate cats?"

argument from authority

\-**definition:** claiming that something must be true because it is believed by someone who is said to be an "authority" on the subject
\-**example**: 4/5 dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum

false dilemma (either/or)

\-**definition:** it assumes that people need to, have to, or should choose between one thing or idea and another thing or idea
\-**example**: You're either for war or against the troops

appeals to ignorance

\-**definition:** saying something must be true (or false) because there isn't enough evidence to the contrary
\-**example**: God exists. You can't prove He doesn't.

ad hominem

\-**definition:** attacking the person's character or credentials instead of addressing the real argument they're making
\-**example**: Well, it doesn't matter how I answer your question because your network is just fake news.

overly emotional

\-**definition:** when the appeal to pathos is the basis of the argument
\-**definition:** : how can you convict this man of murdering his mother? He's an orphan!

non-sequitur

\-**definition:** a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement
\-**example**: I read about a pit-bull attack. My neighbor owns a pit-bull. My life is in danger.

reverie (noun)

\-**definition:** a state of being pleasantly lost in one’s thoughts

\-**synonym**: daydream

\-**antonym**: work, waking

\-**example**: I was so lost in **reverie** that I didn’t hear the teacher’s instructions.

menagerie (noun)

\-**definition:** a collection of wild or unusual animals, or an unusual and varied group of people

\-**synonym**: exhibition, collection

\-**antonym**: flora, defense

\-**example**: The zoo has a **menagerie** of exotic animals.

rancor (noun)

\-**definition:** bitter resentment

\-**synonym**: ill will, hatred, malice

\-**antonym**: friendliness, love

\-**example**: After years of partisan **rancor**, many Americans are weary of division.

magnanimous (adj)

\-**definition**: Generous in forgiving an insult or injury

\-**synonym**: altruistic, charitable, considerate

\-**antonym**: ungenerous, stingy

\-**example**: “No problem” I dismissed his concerns with a **magnanimous** flick of the wrist.

dejection (noun)

\-**definition:** lowness of spirit

\-**synonym**: depression, grief, melancholy

\-**antonym**: elation, cleanness

\-**example**: The most glorious moments in your life are not the so-called days of success, but rather those days when out of **dejection** and despair you feel rise in you a challenge to life, and the promise of future accomplishment.

pavilion (noun)

\-**definition:** a large and often sumptuous tent

\-**synonym**: structure, canopy

\-**antonym**: bar, cell, disaster area

\-**example**: They’re looking round on the Russian **pavilion**.

malice (noun)

\-**definition:** a desire to cause pain, injury or distress to another; the intent to commit an unlawful act or cause harm without legal justification or excuse

\-**synonym**: antipathy, bitterness, hatred

\-**antonym**: goodness, love beneficence

\-**example**: I am sure there was no **malice** in that letter, and that it was a pure coincidence.

pervade (verb)

\-**definition:** transitive verb. to become diffused throughout every part of

\-**synonym**: infuse, penetrate

\-**antonym**: recede, exit

\-**example**: Expect video to **pervade** existing social media platforms and for new video-only platforms to emerge.

redolent (verb)

\-**definition:** exuding fragrance; full of a specified fragrance

\-**synonym**: evocative, perfumed

\-**antonym**: odorless

\-**example**: All gorse flowers have a rich perfume **redolent** of the coconut chips sweets of our childhood.