chapter 6 micro

catabolism

when a compound is degraded; energy is released

Anabolism

when small molecules are joined together to make larger molecules

Photosynthetic

when an organism take kinetic energy of photon and converts it to potential energy

Chemoorganotrophs

degrades organic compounds to get energy, they need a consistent source of organic material

Exergonic

when energy is released from a chemical reaction, energy exits the reaction

Endergonic

when the product have more energy that the reactants, energy enters the reaction

metabolic pathway

the steps to complete a chemical reaction, each step is controlled by a different enzyme. “Converts one or more substrate to end product”

Adenosine Triphosphate

made up of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

Adenosine Diphosphate

adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups

Substrate level phosphorylation

when ATP is made by a phosphate transferring from another molecule straight to ADP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

when proton motive force is used to add an inorganic phosphate group to ADP

Oxidized

When a substance loses an electron

Reduced

when a substance gains an electron

NADPH

used for building molecules (biosynthesis) - fatty acid synthesis , cholesterol synthesis, prevention agains O oxidative damage

pentose phosphate pathway

use to build NADPH + ribose-5-phosphate, instead of breaking glucose for ATP the cells sends the glucose here when it needs building materials and reducing power

Feedback inhibition

when final product of metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway (process is ‘shut down’ on purpose

competitive inhibitors

these bind to the active site of an enzyme to compete with substates, but can be overcome by adding more substrates

noncompetitive inhibitors

these bind to a allosteric site and change the shape of the enzyme, substrates can still bind but enzyme will not function properly, cannot be overcome by adding more substrate

allosteric site

site where noncompetitive inhibitors bind

Cofactor + coenzyme

sits in active site in enzyme to assist the reaction

activation energy

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Enzymes

these lower the activation energy

coupled reaction

when an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

heterotroph

gets carbon from organic molecules (Food)

Phototroph

obtains energy from the sun

chemotroph

obtains energy from chemical compounds

autotroph

uses carbon dioxide as carbon source to build organic molecules

chemolithotrophs

obtains energy from inorganic chemical compounds , hydrogen, ammonia, iron , sulfur

chemoorganotrophs

an organism that obtains energy from organic chemical compounds (like glucose, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)