animal science test 3

reproductive efficiency

reproductive efficiency

the more that comes out after subtracting what went in the better

fuctions of ovaries

produce oocytes, estrogen, progestrone

progesterone does what for the uterus

prepares for implantation

where do oocytes develop

within a follicle

follicle development timeline

primordial follicle grows into graafian follicle (ovulating) →after ovulation (release of oocyte) the tissue forms a corpus luteum

true or false: horses medulla is on outside and cortex is on inside

true

what follicle actually ruptures

graafian

what is the medulla

center tissue type and filled with vascularity in ovary

tunica abigina

covering of white tissue that is the same as in the testes, around all gonads

what increases from primordial to tertiary

estrogen

true or false: females are born with all of their primary and primordial follicles

true

corpus leuteum

is formed after oocyte ruptures, temporary and produces progesterone

functions of the oviduct

transport oocyte (ova) and sperm, site of fertilization and early development, infundibulum

infundibulum

the “baseball mitt” part that catches the release oocyte from the follicle, had finger like projections that “tickle” the ovary to tell it what to do

two parts of the oviduct

ampula and iestus

functions of the uterus

assists in sperm transport, regulation of the CL, site of attachment and pregnancy, expulsion of the fetus and fetal membrane, produces prostoglandin F2 alpha to regulate pregnancy

uteran horns

extension of uterus that breaks off into two

true or false: sperm does not have to travel a long way

false

poor/ moderate developed uterine horns

cow, horse

highly developed uterine horns

dog, cat, sow bc litters

functions of cervix

facilitates sperm transport, prevents uterine contamination, physical barrier and secretion of mucus

difference in cervix when in estrus vs not in estrus

estrus: toned and feels like turkey neck

not in estrus: flacid

function of the vagina

copulatory organ (not pregnancy), birth canal

copulation

act of breeding

true or false: poultry females are affected by day length (photoperiod)

true

true or false: poultry females have only a functional left ovary and oviduct

true

how long is the process from ovulation to laying the egg and incubation

25 hours for process and 21 days for incubation

oviduct tract is made up of what and define in poultry

infundibulum: baseball mitt

magnum: secretes albumen

isthmus: adds shell membrane, white layer beneath shell

uterus (shell gland): secretes shell and shell pigment, makes shell

vagina: transports to cloaca

cloaca

common opening for reproductive and digestive tract, actual opening

what is the vent and what does it do

combined with the GI tract for copulation, feces, egg

functions of the testicles

produce sperm cells, produce testoterone

what happens when the testes get too hot

lower sperm production

how are the testes suspended

spermatic cord

functions of the scrotum

two lobbed sac, protects and helps to regulate temp

crytorchid

bilateral or unilateral retention of the testes

function of the epididymis

maturation and storage site for sperm

other name for the head, body, and tail of the epididymis

caput, corpus, cauda

function of the vas deferens

sperm transport- carries sperm from epididymis into body, urethra transports urine but reproductive tubes join it in the penis

functions of the accessory sex glands

add volume and nutrition to sperm-rich fluid coming from the epididymis, sperm + accessory gland = semen

what are the 4 accessory sex glands

ampullae, seminal vesicles, prostuate, and bulbourethral

where do they collect the accessory sex glands

along the tract of van deferens and uretha

function of the penis

copulatory organ, delivers sperm to female tract

what are and define the two types of penis

vascular: spongy, erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal, dog cat stallion and ppl

fibroelastic: sigmoid flexure (s shaped) that extends (straightened) causing erection, extends out of sheath, bull boar ram

true or false: ejaculate and sperm are the same thing

false

glans penis

tip of penis, where most nerve endings are located

what does the string on the ram penis do

speculated to paint the cervix, if in cervix then fertilization is increased

differences in poultry males

testes in the body cavity, no penis-rudimentary organ, vas deferens deliver to cloaca (kiss), sperm stored in female tract (10 days)

hormonal control of repro

hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the anterior pituatary to release the gonadotropins: luteninzing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, these hormones stimulate the gonads

what are the two gonadotropins

lutenizing homrones: follicle rupture

follicle stimulating hormone: stimulate follicle growth

what happens when the gonads are stimulated

in males they stimulate testosterone and spermatogensis production, in females they stimulate follicle development

what animals are poluestrous

cattle and swine

what animals are seasonally polyestrous

sheep, goats, horses

what animals are monoestrus

dog

what are the phases and stages of the estrous cycle

luteal, follicular, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, proestrus

when does progesterone increase

starts to increase during metestrus and reaches a high during diestrus

sperm + oocyte = what

fertilization

pregnancy

fertilized oocyte begins to divide as it moves down oviduct and into uterus, fetal membranes form is conceptus, bc the progesterone from the CL is essential it has to be maintained, maternal recognition of pregnancy keeps CL maintained

maternal regonition of pregnancy

conceptus releases peprides or touches the utreus to let mom know its there bc the CL does not go away

how is the oocyte released

follicle ruptures

placenta

an organ that creates the metabolic connection btwn embryo/fetus and dam, produces hormones that mainatain pregnancy, prepare mammary system, enhance fetus growth

define the 4 different placenta types

diffuse: even distribution of chrominc villi

cotyledonary: have placentomes

zonary: distinct zone where all exchange occurs

discoid: disc like structure where exchange occurs

parturition

intiated by release of fetal cortisol, delivery of fetus and delivery, uterine contractions and takes a change in hormones, have a “proper” position, ability of every female to give birth to live successful repro

true or false: pigs have a proper birthing position

false

growth

increase in body weight until mature size is reached, Increase in cell size and cell numbers as protein is deposited, increase in mass of structural tissues (bone, muscle, connective tissue) and organs accompanied by a change in body form and composition

development

directive coordination of all diverse processes until maturity is reached, Involves growth, cellular differentiation, and changes in body shape and form

three phases of prenatal life

sex cells, embryo, fetus

three specific cell types that become organs

endoderm: digestive tract, lungs, bladder

mesoderm: skleton, skeletal muscle, connective tissue

ectoderm: skin, hair, brain, spinal cord

true or false: during prenatal development it follows the order of physiological importance

true

hyperplasia

increase in number of muscle fibers

hypertrophy

increase in size of fibers

true or false: birthweight is 5-7% mature weight

true

poultry growth and devlopement

develop in egg not in dam, happens more quickly, incubation, egg has 4 membranes

incubation

controlled envrionment of temperature, relative humidity, egg turning, and adequate oxygen

what are the 4 membranes in the egg

allantois: allows embryos to breath, absorbs albumen to be used as food for embryo

amnion: fluid-filled to protect against mechanical shock

yolk sac: grows over yolk to help digest and absorb yolk

chorion: surrounds both the amnion and yolk sac

tissues

specialized cells that function together: muscle, nerves, connective, epithelial

organs

groups of tissues that perform specific functions

systems

groups of organs that function as a general group

skeletal system

bones teeth and cartilage, protects other vital organs, gives basic form and shape to the body, levers and store minerals, bone marrow is site of blood cell formation

true or false: chicken bones are not pneumatic

false

pneumatic

hollow and harder, thinner, and more brittle

what are the three types of muscle

skeletal: largest component of meat animal products

smooth: digestive, reproductive, and urinary organs

cardiac: heart

which muscle groups are voluntary or involuntary

skeletal - voluntary

smooth - involuntary

cardiac- involuntary ish

yield grade

how much lean comes off the animals - more fat is more yield

quality grade

marbling and intramuscular fat

what does myoglobin do in muscles

transfers oxygen to muscles that need more oxygen

difference between power, strength, and endurance

power: amount of work that can be accomplished within a fixed time period

strength: result of muscle size with larger muscles capable of greater contractible force

endurance: length of time in which a muscle can work without becoming fatigued

fast twitch or white fibers

predominant in sprinters and jumpers, designed for power, efficent at anaerobic activity for short periods of time, less capilary supply, uses stored energy

slow twitch or red fibers

designed for endurance, aerobic activity for longer periods of time, smaller in fiber diameter, more capillary supply, more myoglobin

arteries

vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart

veins

vessels that carry oxygen depleted blood back to the heart through the pulimary system

lymph vessels

transport lymph (intercellular fluid) from tissues to the heart, waste and immune system

how many pounds of blood circulate through the dairy cow’s mammary gland for each pound produced

400-500 lbs circulated

hormones

chemical substances that affect glands, organs, or body tissues

what are the different hormones

TSH - thyroid stimulate

ADH - anti diuretic

gonadotropin - LH and LSH stimulate gonads

ACTH - adrenal corpotropin

MSH - melanocyte stimulation

GH - somatotropin (growth hormone)

prolactin - lactation

oxytocin - smooth muscle contractions

what is one way to measure maturity

frame size or hip height

when do heifers deposit fat

earlier than steers or bulls because of hormones and frame size

when do barrows deposit fat

earlier than gilts or boars because of shrunken mechanism and hormones

mitosis

replication of somatic cells; divide into two identical daughter cells with same number chromosomes as parent cell

meiosis

formation of the gametes; divide into four daughter cells with half the original chromosomes

fertization

union of the sperm and oocyte; each sex cell contributes one chromosome to each pair of chromosomes of the fertilized oocyte