GSS EXAM 3

Why do people trade?

To gain the benefits of specialization and division of labor.

What does Portugal specialize in according to Ricardo's example?

Wine, because its opportunity cost of wine is lower than cloth.

What term describes the reduction of barriers to interaction among societies?

Globalization.

What happens when barriers fall in the context of globalization?

Flows rise.

Which two technological advancements increased globalization before World War I?

Telegraph and Steam Engine.

What does absolute advantage mean?

A country produces goods more efficiently than any other country.

What is comparative advantage based on?

Relative efficiency within a country.

Which statement about comparative advantage is true?

Every country has a comparative advantage in something.

According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, what should Bangladesh export?

Textiles, as it is labor abundant.

What is the likely outcome if labor costs rise significantly in the U.S. textile industry?

U.S. companies will move production to countries with cheaper labor.

How might Hurricane Melissa affect Jamaica's agricultural exports?

It will likely decrease Jamaica's agricultural exports.

Who benefits most directly from tariffs on imported goods?

Domestic producers of the protected good.

Who loses when tariffs are imposed?

Domestic consumers.

What is an example of a tariff on a specific good?

A tax on LG appliances.

What is it called when the U.S. imposes tariffs on Chinese goods and China retaliates?

Trade War.

How do tariffs on Chinese goods affect a small U.S. business importing parts from China?

Higher costs for inputs of production.

What best describes globalization?

Reduction of barriers to interaction and interdependence.

What technological change contributed most to the 'death of distance'?

Telecommunications revolution.

What does a U.S. investor buying stock in a Brazilian company illustrate?

Globalization of finance.

Which technological advancement was key to the first wave of globalization?

Steam engines and telegraph.

Which country was the dominant economic power during the first wave of globalization?

UK.

What technological innovation symbolizes modern globalization?

Shipping container.

What event marked the beginning of 'hyper-globalization'?

Around 1990, with the Soviet Union's collapse and internet expansion.

Who benefited most from hyper-globalization?

Big corporations and high-skilled workers.

What trend does imposing strict immigration controls and high tariffs after a financial crisis reflect?

Retreat from globalization.

If a poor country cannot produce a surplus, where can it obtain extra funds?

This concept was not fully addressed in the notes.

What are the key components of a comprehensive definition of terrorism?

Actors (perpetrators), targets, objectives, and types of actions classified as terrorism.

How does Goldstein define terrorism?

Political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.

What is Ray's definition of terrorism?

The use of violence for political purposes by nongovernmental actors.

How does the US Government define terrorism?

The use or threatened use of premeditated, politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

What does the phrase 'One person's terrorist is another person's freedom fighter' imply?

It suggests that perspectives on terrorism can vary greatly depending on one's viewpoint.

What is the class definition of terrorism?

Terrorism is an instrument of the weak, involving asymmetrical warfare aimed at inducing political change.

What is the primary objective of terrorism?

To inflict enough pain to induce political change rather than to defeat the target's military.

From where do most terrorists typically emerge?

Oppressed national groups, religious fundamentalists, and ideological extremists.

Is most terrorism domestic or transnational?

Most terrorism is domestic, not transnational.

What common elements characterize most terrorist acts?

Committed by politically powerless groups, chosen targets for psychological impact, planned for media exposure, and justified on ideological or religious grounds.

Why do terrorists choose specific targets and actions?

To maximize the psychological effect on society or government.

What justifications do terrorists often use for their actions?

They argue that they are responding to a greater wrong or promoting a greater good.

What is the relationship between terrorism and political power?

Terrorism is often used by groups that lack political power to change intolerable policies.

What type of warfare does terrorism represent?

Asymmetrical warfare.

What is the psychological aim of terrorist actions?

To create fear and influence public perception or policy.

How do terrorists typically plan their actions?

To gain as much media exposure as possible.

What is a common misconception about terrorism?

That it is always transnational, while most terrorism is actually domestic.

What role does ideology play in terrorism?

Actions are often justified on ideological or religious grounds.

What is the significance of the phrase 'instrument of the weak' in the context of terrorism?

It highlights that terrorism is often employed by those who feel powerless in the face of stronger adversaries.

What is the ultimate goal of terrorist groups?

To achieve political change through the use of fear and violence.

How do terrorists view their actions in relation to societal issues?

They often see their actions as a response to greater societal wrongs.

What is a key characteristic of the targets chosen by terrorists?

Targets are often civilians to maximize psychological impact.

What is the impact of terrorism on public policy?

It can lead to changes in policy due to fear and pressure from the public.

What is the significance of media exposure for terrorist acts?

Media exposure amplifies the psychological impact and spreads the message of the terrorists.

What is the relationship between terrorism and social justice?

Terrorists often claim to act in the name of social justice or to rectify perceived injustices.

What is the effect of terrorism on societal stability?

Terrorism can destabilize societies and create fear among the population.

What two basic rules of war does terrorism violate?

Immunity of noncombatants and the ban on the indiscriminate use of force.

What are some defensive measures against terrorism?

Criminalizing terrorism, preventive attacks on networks, benign counter-terrorism, and negotiation.

What is the definition of terrorism?

It can be considered as murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes.

What is global governance?

Institutions that govern interactions among sovereign states in an anarchic international environment.

What are the different types of Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)?

Bilateral, regional (e.g., NATO, BRICS, G-7), and multilateral.

What are the two dimensions for IGOs?

Political/military and economic.

What was declared in October 1943 regarding the United Nations?

The US, UK, USSR, and China declared their intentions to form a post-war International organization.

What are the lessons learned from the League of Nations?

1. Participation of great powers is essential; 2. Sanctions need to be more effective.

When was the UN Charter signed and by how many states?

Signed on June 26, 1945, by 51 states.

What are the basic principles of the UN?

All states are equal under international law, have full sovereignty, and should fulfill their international obligations.

What is the structure of the UN?

1. General Assembly; 2. Security Council; 3. Secretariat; 4. International Court of Justice; 5. Economic and Social Council.

What is the role of the General Assembly?

Composed of all states, it determines the budget, selects the Secretary-General, and debates issues.

How does a state become a member of the UN?

Other states must recognize it as a state.

Who is the newest member of the UN?

South Sudan, which joined in 2011.

Which entities are not UN members?

Palestine, Taiwan, Vatican City, Western Sahara, Kosovo.

What is the primary responsibility of the UN Security Council?

To maintain international peace and security.

Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?

USA, Russia, UK, France, and China.

What is the function of the Secretariat in the UN?

It handles the day-to-day operations and is led by the Secretary-General.

What is the International Court of Justice?

A court that resolves disputes between states, with binding rulings for those that agree to submit.

What is the Economic and Social Council's role?

To oversee UN programs and autonomous agencies.

What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?

A document adopted by the General Assembly in December 1948, forming the basis of international human rights law.

What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

A court established to prosecute individuals for crimes such as genocide and war crimes.

What is collective security?

The principle that an aggressive act by one nation will be met by the combined force of all nations.

What distinguishes collective security from alliances?

Collective security involves all nations coming to aid if one is attacked, unlike alliances which are specific to certain countries.

What are some successful examples of collective security?

The Korean War and the response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

What is peacekeeping in the context of the UN?

Stationing multinational forces between opposing armies with their agreement to help cease hostilities.

What are the two main flaws in the UN?

Sovereignty and the veto power of permanent members.

What is the significance of the ICC's establishment in 2002?

It allows for the prosecution of individuals for serious international crimes when their own states are unwilling or unable to do so.

What is the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

Limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole.

What are the four categories of crimes under ICC jurisdiction?

Genocides, Crimes against humanity, War crimes, Crime of aggression.

What constitutes genocide?

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, including killing and causing serious bodily harm.

What are the two elements required to prove genocide?

1) Physical element: Killing, causing serious bodily harm, preventing births, forcibly transferring children; 2) Intentional element: Intent to destroy.

What defines crimes against humanity?

Widespread or systematic attacks directed against any civilian population, including murder, enslavement, and torture.

What are the two elements required to prove crimes against humanity?

1) The physical act; 2) The context of being part of a widespread or systematic attack.

What are war crimes?

Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and serious violations of laws applicable in armed conflict, including willful killing and torture.

What actions are classified as a crime of aggression?

Invasion, military occupation, annexation, bombardment, or attacks on forces of another state.

What is foreign aid?

The transfer of financial resources, commodities, or technical advice and training from a donor country to a recipient country.

What are the types of foreign aid?

Developmental, humanitarian, and military aid.

What is the difference between multilateral and bilateral aid?

Multilateral aid is provided via global institutions, while bilateral aid is given directly from one country to another.

Why do countries provide foreign aid?

As an instrument of foreign policy that serves the interests of the donor.

What are the goals of human development in foreign aid?

To reduce poverty, advance education, and improve human welfare.

What was the Marshall Plan?

A U.S. initiative to aid Western Europe's economic recovery after WWII.

What was the role of U.S. foreign aid during the Cold War?

An instrument in the global struggle against the Soviet Union.

What is USAID?

The U.S. Agency for International Development, established in 1961 to manage development and humanitarian aid.

What are some functions of USAID?

Public health initiatives, education support, anti-corruption efforts, economic growth, disaster relief, and civil liberty operations.

What are the three pillars of a state in diplomacy?

Defense, Diplomacy, Development.

What is the significance of the continuum between nationalism and supranationalism?

It illustrates the balance between states pursuing their own interests and delegating authority to higher entities.

What conditions must be met for an entity to be considered a state?

It typically has a flag, currency, and recognition from other states.