lec #9 + #10

elements

elements

found on the periodic table. pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler matter

prokaryote

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria

what is this

carbs

what is this

proteins

what is this

lipids

what is this

nucleic acids

eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles (such as the nucleus and mitochondria), while prokaryotic cells do not

what element has an atomic number of 1 and an atomic mass of 1 (H)

hydrogen

what element has an atomic number of 2 and an atomic mass of 4 (He)

helium

what element has an atomic number of 3 and an atomic mass of 6 (Li)

lithium

what element has an atomic number of 4 and an atomic mass of 9 (Be)

beryllium

what element has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 10 (B)

boron

what element has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 12 (C)

carbon

what element has an atomic number of 7 and an atomic mass of 14 (N)

nitrogen

what element has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 15 (O)

oxygen

what element has an atomic number of 9 and an atomic mass of 18 (F)

fluorine

what element has an atomic number of 10 and an atomic mass of 20 (Ne)

neon

what element has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 22 (Na)

sodium

what element has an atomic number of 12 and atomic mass of 24 (Mg)

magnesium

what element has an atomic number of 13 an atomic mass of 26 (Al) al

aluminium

what element has an atomic number of 14 and an atomic mass of 28 (Si)

silicon

what element has an atomic number of 15 and an atomic mass of 30 (P)

phosphorous

what element has an atomic number of 16 and an atomic mass of 32 (S)

sulfur

what element has an atomic number of 17 and an atomic mass of 35 (Cl)

chlorine

what element has an atomic number of 18 and an atomic mass of 39 (Ar)

argon

what element has an atomic number of 19 and an atomic mass of 39 (K)

potassium

what element has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40 (Ca)

calcium

what is the atomic number

(smaller number) it is the number of protons and electrons that must balance out

what is the large letter in an element

symbol/name (larger number)

what is the atomic mass

the atomic mass units (amu)

electrons orbit around the

nucleus

protons are

positively charged particles (p+)

nucleus contains most of the

atoms mass

neutrons have

no charge on the particles (n^0)

isotopes

atoms of the same element but have a different number of neutrons

electrons

negatively charged particles (e-)

valence electrons

are electrons found in the outermost energy shell of an atom and participate in the formation of a chemical bond

1st energy level holds up to

2 electrons. total=2

2nd energy level holds up to

8 more electrons than the first. total=10

3rd energy level holds up to

8 more electrons than the second. total=18

when the energy level is full it

gains stability

when the energy level is not full it

becomes reactive

noble gases do not form

chemical bonds. no more solute can dissolve

all other atoms will form

chemical bonds

molecule

a chemically combined substance of two or more different atoms

compound

a chemically combined substance of two or more different elements

ion

an atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons

ionization

the process of removing electrons and creating ions

polyatomic ions

group of covalently bonded atoms that acts like a single atom (has an electrical charge)

covalent bond

sharing electrons between atoms

ionic bond

transferring of electrons between atoms. attraction between oppositely charge ions.

atoms that lose an electron have a

positive charge (cation)

atoms that gain an electron have a

negative charge (anion)

water

a substance with no definite shape but has a definite volume

properties of water

fluidity-can be poured. dissolving ability. vaporization-addition of heat causes the liquid to change to a gas. evaporation-fast moving liquid molecules escape from the surface of the liquid. surface tension. density-solid is less than liquid. melts/freezes at 0 degrees celsius. boils/condenses at 100 degrees celsius.

water has a pH value of

7 which is neutral on the pH scale

H+

lost an e-=cation

OH-

gained an e-=anion

the H+ can react with H2O to create

H3O+ (hydronium)

the OH- however does not react and stays as

hydroxide

acids

a solution with more H+ or H3O+ in it than OH-

acids are between

0-6.9 on the pH scale

what are characteristics of acids

sour taste, corrosive with metals

what are examples of acids

citrus fruits, vinegar, HCI

bases

a solution with more OH- in it than H3O+

bases are between

7.1-14 on the pH scale

what are characteristics of bases

bitter taste, slippery

examples of bases

laundry detergent, Na0H

pH scale 1-7 in order

1 hydrochloric acid, 2 lemon, 3 vinegar, 4 tomato, 5 banana, 6 potato, 7 water

pH scale 7-14 in order

7 water, 8 eggs, 9 baking soda, 10 hand soap, 11 ammonia, 12 bleach, 13 oven cleaner, 14 drain cleaner

chemical reactions

the process by which substances physically and chemically change into new substances

reactants

starting ingredients, arrow points away from the reactants

products

finished goods, arrow points to the products

activation energy

the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

catalyst (enzyme)

a substance that speeds up and lowers the activation energy in a chemical reaction, but it NOT consumed in the reaction

temperature, pH and concept enzyme activity

with enzyme→less energy exhibited. without enzyme→more energy released

atom

simplest particle in an element

solution

one substance evenly distributed in another

energy

the ability to do work

all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism are its

biochemical reactions

the three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron is the electrons

cloud

cohesion

is the attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion

the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another

carbon has

4 valence electrons

carbon can bond with

many compounds using single or double covalent bonds

carbon can readily bond with

itself

carbon can make

long chains, branched chains, and rings, all organic compounds

monomer

simplest unit or an organic compound

polymer

linked monomers, creating a large molecule

macromolecules

large polymers

carbohydrates

contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharide. ex: glucose (cells), fructose (fruit), galactose (milk)

what is the disaccharide of carbohydrates

double sugars. ex: fructose + glucose = sucrose (table sugar)

what is the polymer of carbohydrates

polysaccharide-complex sugars (pasta, bread, patatos)

proteins contains

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what is the monomer of proteins

amino acids (20 of them)

dipeptide

bonding of 2 amino acids

what is the polymer of proteins

polypeptide-long chains of amino acids. ex: enymes

enzymes attach to reactants like a

lock and key

what is the monomer of lipids

fatty acid