Bio 210 Lab Midterm (old, w/out pictures)

Heart

Pumps blood throughout the body in the circulatory system.

Lungs

Responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system.

Brain

Controls body functions and cognition in the nervous system.

Stomach

Breaks down food for nutrient absorption in the digestive system.

Cranial cavity

Contains the brain.

Thoracic cavity

Houses lungs and heart.

Abdominal cavity

Contains digestive organs.

Pelvic cavity

Contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains the liver and gallbladder.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains the stomach and spleen.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains the appendix and cecum.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Contains the sigmoid colon.

Superior

Above another structure.

Inferior

Below another structure.

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from point of attachment.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right.

Coronal (Frontal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior.

Ocular Lens

Eyepiece for viewing in a microscope.

Objective Lens

Magnifies the specimen in a microscope.

Stage

Holds the slide in a microscope.

Coarse Adjustment

Focuses the image roughly in a microscope.

Fine Adjustment

Sharpens the image in a microscope.

Light Source

Illuminates the specimen in a microscope.

Diaphragm

Adjusts light intensity in a microscope.

Parfocal

Ability to stay in focus when magnification is changed.

Resolution

Clarity of the image.

Field Size Calculation

Field Number / Objective Magnification.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.

Mitochondria

Produces ATP through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

Responsible for protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough)

Involved in protein folding and processing.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth)

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and detoxify substances.

Plasma Membrane

Regulates entry and exit of substances.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance where organelles are suspended.

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms as chromosomes de-condense.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm resulting in two daughter cells.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Facilitates diffusion and filtration; found in lung alveoli.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Involved in secretion and absorption; located in kidney tubules.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Facilitates absorption and secretion; found in digestive tract lining.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Provides protection; located in skin epidermis.

Transitional Epithelium

Allows stretching; found in urinary bladder.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Binds organs and is located beneath epithelial tissue.

Adipose Tissue

Provides insulation and energy storage, found under the skin.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Provides strong attachment; found in tendons and ligaments.

Hyaline Cartilage

Offers support and cushioning at the ends of long bones.

Bone Tissue

Provides support and protection as part of the skeleton.

Blood Tissue

Transport nutrients and gases in blood vessels.

Skeletal Muscle

Enables voluntary movement; attached to bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Permits involuntary pumping of blood; found in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Facilitates involuntary movement in the walls of hollow organs.

Nervous Tissue

Transmits electrical impulses; found in brain and spinal cord.

Epidermis

The protective outer layer of skin and barrier against pathogens.

Dermis

Contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)

Provides insulation and cushioning.

Hair Follicle

Produces hair and serves a sensory function.

Sebaceous Gland

Secretes sebum for lubrication of skin.

Sweat Gland

Regulates body temperature through perspiration.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Causes hair to stand, creating goosebumps.

Pacinian Corpuscle

Receptor for deep pressure and vibration.

Meissner's Corpuscle

Receptor for light touch.

Skull

Composed of frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

Sutures

Joints in the skull including coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous.

Vertebrae

Composed of cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, and coccyx.

Bone Markings

Includes foramen (hole for nerves/vessels), fossa (shallow depression), condyle (rounded articular projection), tuberosity (large rounded projection).

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints such as the sutures of the skull.

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joints such as intervertebral discs.

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joints like the knee and shoulder.

Flexion

Decreases angle between bones.

Extension

Increases angle between bones.

Abduction

Moves limb away from the midline.

Adduction

Moves limb toward the midline.

Rotation

Bone turns around its axis.

Circumduction

Limb moves in a circular motion.

Pronation

Palm faces downward.

Supination

Palm faces upward.