Bio 210 Lab Midterm (old, w/out pictures)

Organs and Organ Systems

• Heart: Circulatory system; pumps blood throughout the body.

• Lungs: Respiratory system; responsible for gas exchange.

• Brain: Nervous system; controls body functions and cognition.

• Stomach: Digestive system; breaks down food for nutrient absorption.

Body Cavities, Quadrants, and Regions

• Cranial cavity: Contains the brain.

• Thoracic cavity: Houses lungs and heart.

• Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs.

• Pelvic cavity: Contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver, gallbladder.

• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Stomach, spleen.

• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix, cecum.

• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Sigmoid colon.

Directional Terms and Body Planes

• Superior: Above another structure.

• Inferior: Below another structure.

• Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.

• Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.

• Medial: Toward the midline.

• Lateral: Away from the midline.

• Proximal: Closer to point of attachment.

• Distal: Farther from point of attachment.

• Sagittal plane: Divides body into left and right.

• Coronal (Frontal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

• Transverse plane: Divides body into superior and inferior.

Microscope Parts and Functions

• Ocular Lens: Eyepiece for viewing.

• Objective Lens: Magnifies the specimen.

• Stage: Holds the slide.

• Coarse Adjustment: Focuses the image roughly.

• Fine Adjustment: Sharpens the image.

• Light Source: Illuminates the specimen.

• Diaphragm: Adjusts light intensity.

• Parfocal: Ability to stay in focus when magnification is changed.

• Resolution: Clarity of the image.

• Field Size Calculation: Field Number / Objective Magnification.

Cell Organelles and Functions

• Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities.

• Mitochondria: Produces ATP through cellular respiration.

• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough): Protein folding and processing.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth): Lipid synthesis and detoxification.

• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

• Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.

• Peroxisomes: Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies substances.

• Plasma Membrane: Regulates entry and exit of substances.

• Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where organelles are suspended.

Stages of Mitosis

• Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope breaks down.

• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

• Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

• Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes de-condense.

• Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

Tissue Types, Functions, and Locations

• Simple Squamous Epithelium: Diffusion/filtration; found in lung alveoli.

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Secretion/absorption; kidney tubules.

• Simple Columnar Epithelium: Absorption/secretion; digestive tract lining.

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Protection; skin epidermis.

• Transitional Epithelium: Stretching; urinary bladder.

• Areolar Connective Tissue: Binds organs; beneath epithelial tissue.

• Adipose Tissue: Insulation and energy storage; under skin.

• Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Strong attachment; tendons and ligaments.

• Hyaline Cartilage: Support and cushioning; ends of long bones.

• Bone Tissue: Support and protection; skeleton.

• Blood Tissue: Transport of nutrients and gases; blood vessels.

• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary movement; attached to bones.

• Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary pumping of blood; heart.

• Smooth Muscle: Involuntary movement; walls of hollow organs.

• Nervous Tissue: Transmit electrical impulses; brain and spinal cord.

Skin Model Structures and Functions

• Epidermis: Protective outer layer; barrier against pathogens.

• Dermis: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

• Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer): Insulation and cushioning.

• Hair Follicle: Produces hair; sensory function.

• Sebaceous Gland: Secretes sebum for lubrication.

• Sweat Gland: Regulates body temperature through perspiration.

• Arrector Pili Muscle: Causes hair to stand (goosebumps).

• Pacinian Corpuscle: Deep pressure and vibration receptor.

• Meissner's Corpuscle: Light touch receptor.

Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Markings

• Skull: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.

• Sutures: Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous.

• Vertebrae: Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum, Coccyx.

• Bone Markings: Foramen (hole for nerves/vessels), Fossa (shallow depression), Condyle (rounded articular projection), Tuberosity (large rounded projection).

Functional Classes of Joints

• Synarthrosis: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures of skull).

• Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints (e.g., intervertebral discs).

• Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, shoulder).

Body Movements

• Flexion: Decreases angle between bones.

• Extension: Increases angle between bones.

• Abduction: Moves limb away from midline.

• Adduction: Moves limb toward midline.

• Rotation: Bone turns around its axis.

• Circumduction: Limb moves in a circular motion.

• Pronation: Palm faces downward.

• Supination: Palm faces upward.