**Mercantilism: colonies exist for the mother country’s economic gain, government regulation

Columbian Exchange: massive global exchange of living things (people, animals, plants, and diseases) between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after voyages of Columbus

Christopher Columbus: spanish explorer that “discovered” the Americas, awful to Natives, his journey across the Atlantic finally opened the New World to exploration

Pueblo Revolt: only early on example of a Native victory and are able to survive/coexist w/ Spanish in their area

Anasazi: tribe that made baskets, from the South West

Encomienda System: Spanish system that forced natives to pay a tax / give up resources

Bartolomé De Las Casas: Spanish priest that advocated for the Natives in the New World, friend of the Natives, first person to criticize the way people were treating the Natives in the New World

Iroquois Confederacy: large tribes of Natives in what is now upstate New York that united to fight off settlement from the Europeans (especially English), pretty formidable/effective, dominant group of the North East

Spanish: want $$$

Dutch / French: there for the fur trade, good relations w/ Natives (they’re essential for trade)

English: want to colonize, here for the land, shaky relationship w/ Natives

**British Colonization of North America

**Virginia Company: joint-stock company tasked w/ creating a profitable settlement in Virginia, founded Jamestown

Chesapeake Colonies: colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Middle Colonies: colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, allowed (actual) freedom from religious persecution, “land of friends”

Jamestown: first permanent English settlement in North America, in Virginia

Powhatan: leader of a confederacy of Algonquian tribes, contributed to the success of Jamestown but also was almost their downfall when he decided to starve them out

Cash crops (tobacco, etc.): crops planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit, drove Europeans to colonize and explore the New World, made them powerful both economically and politically

Indentured Servants: workers who promised a certain amount of years of service for free passage to the new world, delayed the need for slaves in the colonies, once their servitude was up the slave trade boomed/need for slaves increased

New England Colonies: MBC, CT, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, religion focused

Mayflower Compact: agreement/pact/covenant signed by the Pilgrims that established their governmental system, first time there’s a written government established in the New World, Pilgrims obey the rules of the governors that they chose, established majority rule

William Bradford: leader of the Pilgrims for many years, united the pilgrims again once they got off the Mayflower, main person behind the Mayflower Contact

John Winthrop: elected governor of the MBC, created the idea of “city upon a hill”, instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping it’s legislative policy, spread religious righteousness

“City upon a hill”: the MBC is a (religious) example for the rest of the world, show how they could live w/o corruption

Massachusetts Bay Colony: puritan settlement in Massachusetts near Boston, strict religious society, want to purify the corruptness in the English Church, extremely economically successful

Pequot War: war fought between Pequots and the New England Confederation, win for the colonists, last threat by Native Americans in New England, allowed colonists to expand/explore in CT and other parts of NE

Thomas Hooker: reverend that led a large group of Puritans into CT, established the colony of Hartford, wrote the first constitution

Roger WIlliams: founded the Providence colony and one of the first Baptist churches after being kicked out of the MBC for believing in rights for individuals

Anne Hutchinson: kicked out of the MBC because she questioned Puritan authorities and founded the colony of Portsmouth, one of the first woman religious leader

King Phililps’ War: war in Southern NE between many Native American tribes and English settlers over land, resulted in victory for the English, resulted in the end of Native dominance in the area and inaugurated a period of unimpeded colonial expansion

Virginia House of Burgesses: established as an advisory body to colony’s governors, representatives self government that was a miniature parliament, seed of the system of representative govt in English America

Bacon’s Rebellion: rebellion against the government of Jamestown, Bacon and other poorer people living on the outskirts of Jamestown were upset that they were being attacked by Native Americans and their government was not helping them. Fought against the Natives themselves and eventually burned down Jamestown

King William’s War: first in a series of colonial conflicts between France and England for supremacy in North America, French in ENglish fought over the control of the fur trade, lead to continuing conflicts between French and ENglish interests in North America, showed American colonists that English military supports was still important for their safety and security

Triangle Trade: trade between the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean

Middle Passage: journey slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to the colonies, very brutal and awful circumstances, brought slaves and therefore profit to the colonies

Stono Rebellion: early slave rebellion in South Carolina, showed that slaves didn’t like being slaves basically

Navigation Acts: acts that British passed that regulated who their colonies traded with → did not inforce until after the French and Indian War

Salutary Neglect: an English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, allowed the colonies to flourish almost as independent states, which kept them satisfied, eventually inadvertently contributed to the American Revolution

**Road to Rebellion

**Albany Plan of Union: failed proposition for union of the colonies and some Native American tribes before the French and Indian war proposed by Benjamin Franklin

French and Indian War: War between England and the French fought in the colonies, drastically reduced the influence of French in North America → pretty much completely removed them from the continent, put the the British into debt, made the colonists unhappy / lead to the American revolution

Proclamation of 1763: law established by the British on the colonies because they were worried about conflict w/ Natives, established the proclamation line that did not allow colonists to settle past that line, made colonists very upset → they wanted to expand westward, one of the colonies’ grievances against Great Britain

John Peter Zenger: imprisoned for speaking out against the British in his newspaper, started the idea of freedom of press

Stamp Act: act imposed by the British that forced the colonists to pay a tax on a official “stamp” for any type of documents/newspapers, angered colonists

Republican Motherhood: the idea that it was the mothers responsibility to pass on educate their children on democracy and politics/encourage them to be active in the community/civic duties, brought women into politics

Stamp Act Congress: first union of the colonies, brought them together against the Stamp Act which they eventually got removed

Sons of Liberty: leaders of the American rebellion, led many important protests

Declaratory Act: act passed after the Stamp Act was repealed, told colonies that the British still had the power to tax them, assert dominance over the colonies, declared the colonists had none of the rights that a normal British citizen would have

Townshend Acts: series of acts that taxed goods imported to the colonies, angered the colonists and further heightened the tensions between England and the colonies, ensured the loyalty of America’s govt officials to the British Crown because they used the revenue from the acts to pay the salaries of colonial governors and judges

Benjamin Franklin: leader in the American revolution, negotiated French support for the colonists, signed Treaty of Paris, and helped draft the Declaration of Independence and Constitution

Boston Massacre: very effective propaganda, taunting by colonists angered British soldiers and they (accidentally) fired on the colonists, prints of the event in colonist newspapers turned many colonists against the British and effectively painted them as the bad guys in the situation

Tea Act: act that established taxes on teas for the colonists, angered the colonists / caused the boston tea party

Boston Tea Party: a few colonists dressed up as Native Americans went aboard a ship and destroy a very large amount of money in tea by throwing it into the Boston harbor, inspired other tea parties across the colonies, angered the British

Intolerable Acts: British retaliation for the Boston tea party, closed the port down, got rid of the Massachusetts charter

First Continental Congress: convention of delegates to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts, colonies start to put up a united front against the British, created a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods unless parliament repealed the Intolerable Acts

**American Revolution

**Loyalists: colonists that supported the British government and did not want independence

Patriots: colonists who wanted independence from Britain

**Common Sense:** written by Thomas Paine, convinced colonists that were on the fence that they absolutely needed to fight for independence or they were stupid

Declaration of Independence: the colonies declaration to the British that they were no longer their colonies

George Washington: first president of the US, extremely influential general in the Revolutionary War, led America to victory, established precedents for future presidents

Valley Forge: campsite that the American forces stayed at during the winter, caused many people to desert or die, but also led to more training for the army because of foreign help → American forces came out of that winter more trained and better

Articles of Confederation: first constitution of the US, failed dramatically, was absolutely awful and gave the government virtually no power to do anything

Northwest Ordinance: established the govt for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state, guaranteed that new states would be equal to the og 13

Treaty of Paris: ends the war, talks about some of the things that need to be done, tied up loose ends (not really followed), formally recognized the US as an independent nation

**The Constitution

**Shay’s Rebellion: rebellion that showcased the (many) faults of the Articles of Confederation, poor farmers were not getting paid by the government and were in debt and couldn’t/refused to pay their taxes about it so they rebelled, the US federal government did not have the ability to raise an army to stop the rebellion so eventually citizens had to pay for their own private army to stop them, called for a stronger central government

Constitutional Convention: meeting of state delegated to revise the Articles of Confederation, led to the creation of the US Constitution, elected George Washington as the first president of the US

Great (CT) Compromise: combined the Virginia and New Jersey plans to create a bicameral legislature, a House of Reps that allotted reps by population and the Senate which allotted 2 reps to every state regardless of population

⅗ compromise: slaves would count as ⅗ of a person, slave states wanted this so they would have more representation because their populations were majority slave

Separation of Powers / Checks and Balances: each branch of government would have different powers and ways to check other branches, keeps one branch from becoming too powerful

Federalists: wanted a strong central government, supported the Constitution

Anti-Federalists: wanted a weak central government and more power to the states, opposed the Constitution

**The New Nation

**George Washington: first president of the US, established precedents for future presidents

Judiciary Act of 1789: established the court system in the US

Loose Construction: constitution is up to interpretation

Strict Construction: constitution should be interpreted and followed exactly how it is written

Alexander Hamilton’s Economic Plan: strong federal government, wanted economy based on industrialization/build up of cities, foreign alliance w/ Britain, tax liquor (Alexander Hamilton → secretary of treasury)

Thomas Jefferson’s Agrarian Republic: everybody should be farmers, stay away from industrialization and growth of cities, keep farmers and poor people from being burdened w/ high taxes to support a big gov’t

Federalists: loose constructionism, strong federal government

Democratic-Republicans: advocated for a smaller and more decentralized federal government, strict constructionism

Whiskey Rebellion: group of farmers in PA rebelled against tax collectors, first real test of federal authority, showcased the power and effectiveness of the federal government

Washington’s Farewell Address: warned against political parties and warned to not get involved in foreign affairs, unity is important, the worst enemy of govt was loyalty to party over the nation

John Adams: 2nd president of the US, Federalist, avoided the almost war w/ France but was also detrimental to his presidency because of the Alien and Sedition Acts

XYZ Affair: lot of trash talking going on between us and the French, France was mad that we ignored them in some treaty, we sent some people over to talk to France but they wouldn't even talk to the ambassadors until they gave them a bribe, John Adams got back at them by not including the agents names in the brief, called them ‘X’, ‘Y’, and ‘Z’.

Alien and Sedition Acts: government was allowed to deport aliens that they thought were dangerous to national security (French people in this case), you can’t speak against the government/revoked freedom of the press

VA and KY Resolutions: declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional, states had the right to nullify any federal law that was unconstitutional

Revolution of 1800: Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, defeated incumbent Federalist Party candidate, the election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership

Thomas Jefferson: great first term (Louisiana purchase, Marbury vs. Madison), but fails in 2nd term w/ the French and British messing w/ our shipping/sailors and economy, and destroys the economy (Embargo Act → can’t trade w/ anyone)

Louisiana Purchase: purchase of the Louisiana territory from the French for very cheap, led to westward expansion and the exploration of the Mississippi River

Agrarian republic: agricultural society, supporting the rights and sustainability of small farmers and poor peasants against the wealthy society

**War and Good Feelings

**James Madison: had to deal w/ the mess of Jefferson’s second term and tensions w/ France & Britain, eventually the

War of 1812: US is mad because the British are still in North America and messing w/ trade and ships and they want them out, had no real conclusion, brought the country together → everybody has the same ideas, US is seen on equal footing w/ England → not longer Britain’s little brother

Hartford Convention:

James Monroe: president during the era of good feelings, relatively stable presidency

Era of Good Feelings: nationalism!!, era of the US where almost everyone had the same ideas about things

Monroe Doctrine: no more taking land !! get out europe, only we get to colonize not you guys

Missouri Compromise: established that any state admitted to the union above Missouri would be a free state and any new state under the line would be a slave state, established Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state

Henry Clay’s American System: improve our transportation network (railroads, canals, roads, move things w/ more efficiency), establish a national bank, putting tariffs on imports coming into US (people buy American made products) → like Hamilton’s plan

**Jacksonian Democracy

**Corrupt Bargain of 1824: ruined Jackson’s presidency / reputation, nobody had the majority in the presidential election so Jackson told Henry Clay that if he dropped out and told all his voters to vote for Jackson then Jackson would add him to his cabinet, which he did

**Universal manhood suffrage:**a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, race, etc. → for Jacksonian democracy, Jackson believed all voting rights should be extended to all white men

Andrew Jackson: bad president, whole political party created because people didn’t like him, anti-elitist

Spoils system: Jackson gave his supporters jobs even though they weren’t necessarily qualified, “to the victor goes the spoils”

Sectionalism: the Northern and Southern states did not care about the issues of the other and were only concerned with themselves, lead to tensions between the North and South and eventually led to the Civil War

Erie Canal: example of the American system, improved transportation methods

Robert Fulton: steam engine guy (don’t worry about him)

Tariff of Abominations: South was not supportive of tariffs (didn’t want European countries to put tariffs on cotton), thought tariffs were too high

Nullification Crisis: vice president writes that the states have a right to nullify (basically get rid of) federal laws that they believe is unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act: act in which Andrew Jackson removed most of the Native Americans in the south from their land/homes and moved them to awful territory in what is now Oklahoma

Trail of Tears: trail that Cherokee took to their new land, many people died

Pet Banks: derogatory term for state banks selected by the US department of treasury to receive money, Jackson hated the National Bank so he took all the money out and put them in state banks, lead to Panic

Panic of 1837: economic depression that happened near the end of Jackson’s administration that Van Buren had to deal w/, caused by Jackson being a vengeful idiot

Whigs: became a political party because they disliked Andrew Jackson

Martin Van Buren: president after Jackson, has to deal w/ Jackson’s mess

William Henry Harrison: president after Van Buren, died 30 days after his inauguration

John Tyler: William Henry Harrison’s vice president until he died, became president after he died

Samuel Morse: invented the telegraph

**South

**King Cotton: idea that the South had, South and southern economy was so reliant on cotton it was seen as “King”

Eli Whitney / cotton gin: Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which revolutionized the cotton industry and made cotton easier and faster to produce

Gabriel Prosser: tried to plan a slave revolt, showed that people were starting to become even more upset w/ slavery

Denmark Vesey: tried to plan a slave revolt, showed that people were starting to become even more upset w/ slavery

Nat Turner: led a rebellion in the South

Yeoman farmers: small farmers in the South that did not own slaves

Gag rule: rule passed in Congress that forbid talk/bringing legislation to the floor about the abolition of slavery

Grimke Sisters: abolitionists/women’s rights movement, sisters that were important in the abolitionist/women’s suffrage movement, some of the first publicly outspoken women about the issues

**North

**Market Revolution: drastic change in the economy (esp. In the North), sparked explosive economic growth, technological advancements in transportation, and a growing demand/empolyment in factory jobs, created more cities and industrial areas, created a bigger divide between North and South

Francis Cabot Lowell: establishes the factory system, owner of the Lowell Mills, lots of factory towns replicated his system

Lowell Mills: textile mills that opened in the city of Lowell, Mass, introduced a new system/blueprint for manufacturing to the US and established new patterns of employment and urban development, helped fuel the Market Revolution

Female factory labor: women worked in factories rather than in homes

Cult of Domesticity: response to the women taking jobs in factories by people that were critical, said women’s role was to be in the home not earning a wage, attempt to define gender roles by limiting women to a domestic sphere

Irish Labor: Irish filled a lot of the jobs that opened up in the factories, the main immigrants coming to the eastern cities before the Civil War

**Northern (Antebellum) Reform / Second Great Awakening

**Transcendentalism / Early “Green” Movement: knowledge = nature, focused on nature, environmental awareness because of industrialization

Hudson River School: school that emphasized art and nature, example of Transcendentalism (not on exam)

Horace Mann: “father of education”, revolutionized the education system, brought about better teachers and education

Temperance: the movement against alcohol/drinking, led to Prohibition

Dorothea Dix: mental hospital/asylum reformer, brought some better asylums and help for the mentally ill

William Lloyd Garrison / “The Liberator”: editor of a radical abolitionist newspaper

Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, book that highlighted the horrors of slavery, abolitionist, angered the South

Frederick Douglass: major abolitionist, formerly enslaved man

Harriet Tubman: major abolitionist, a “conductor” of the Underground Railroad, led many slaves to freedom

Sojourner Truth: major abolitionist and women’s rights advocate, gave speeches about slavery and women’s rights, challenged abolitionists for not speaking out for equality of black women in addition to black men

Elijah Lovejoy: major abolitionist newspaper editor who was a martyr for the North because he died in defense of his right to print antislavery material in the period leading up to the Civil War

Seneca Falls Declaration 1848: women’s rights movement’s version of the Declaration of Independence, described women’s grievances and demands, goals for which the suffrage movement strived for

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: women’s rights activist, primary author of the Seneca Falls Declaration

**West

**Manifest Destiny: westward expansion is the god-given right and duty of the US, inspired and justified westward expansion

Republic of Texas: sovereign state (it’s own country) in America after Texas won its independence from Mexico, eventually became the state of Texas

James K. Polk: president of the US during the Mexican-American War, wanted expansion he kind of goaded Mexico into a war to win territory from them, aggressively prosecuted the resulting Mexican-American War, wanted to go all the way to Mexico City

Mexican War: kinda sus starts, Sectionalism rappant (North → no war, South → slay war), brings all the problems to the forefront, resulted in the US acquisition of a very large amount of land, ignited a debate between the North and South regarding slavery and what to do w/ the newly aquired land

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Treaty that ended the Mexican American war, gives US lots of land in South West, establishes border between Mexico and America

CA Gold Rush: rapid influx of fortune seekers in CA after gold was found there, played an important role in integrating CA’s economy into that of the eastern US

Wilmot Proviso: Democrat Northern that says that none of the territories should be slave territory, it’s no longer Democrat vs. Whig → it’s North vs. South

Compromise of 1850: California is a free state, popular sovereignty for slavery in the territories, outlawed slave trade in DC, Fugitive slave act

Kansas-Nebraska Act: first apply idea of popular sovereignty to slavery, Kansas and Nebraska get to decide whether they want to be free or slave, never able to actually happen (popular sovereignty does not work)

**Road to War

**Ostend Manifesto: plan by Southern Democrats tried to get Cuba from Spain w/o Northern approval because it was a slave territory and would expand slavery, never happened but showcased sectionalism

Bleeding Kansas: when popular sovereignty was established in Kansas, pro-slavery and anti-slavery people flooded the state to try to sway the vote, lot’s of blood shed and fighting hence “bleeding kansas”

Sumner-Brooks Beating: charles sumner gave a speech condemning slavery in Congress and Brooks got offended because he insulted his uncle in the process(called him a whore to slavery), he beat him almost to death

John Brown: dumb, tried to free the slaves on pretty much by himself (had the help of 8 people) w/o even telling the slaves he was doing this, he was executed and became a martyr for the North even though he was a lunatic

Harper’s Ferry Raid / John Brown’s Raid: John Brown and a few other people attempt to raid the weapon hold in order to free the slaves, failed so badly

Republican Party: party that rises in the North after the Whigs kind of fall, abolitionists

Abraham Lincoln: republican president of the US that lead America through Civil War and brought about the end of slavery

Election of 1860: last straw for the South, Lincoln won and they started to succeed from the Union

Dred Scott: slave that tried to sue for his freedom, argued because he and his family were moved to a free state they were free, SCOTUS ruled that Missouri compromise was unconstitutional (slavery can exist in the Northern territories) and because he was a slave he didn’t even have the right to bring it to court, further divide between the two sides

**Civil War

**Fort Sumter: where the first shots were fired, it was a fort in Southern territory that the Union had hold of, Confederacy demanded that they give it to them cause it was in their territory, Union said no

“Copperhead” Democrats: democrats that opposed the war, they’re snakes/traitors

Bull Run / Manassas: first major/true battle of the civil war, win for South, boosted Southern morale and made the North realize the war will not be a quick conflict like they thought it would be

Gettysburg: beginning of the end for the Confederacy, last time SOuth is able to go on the offensive, lots of deaths

Robert E. Lee: major general for the Confederacy

Sherman’s March to the Sea: march by Northern soldiers from Atlanta to the coast, destroyed everything in their path, demoralized the South

Ulysses S. Grant: major general for the Union, captured and controlled the Mississippi River

Antietam: single most bloodiest day of fighting, victory that was needed for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation

Jefferson Davis: awful leader of the Confederacy, tanked the economy, wanted to do everything himself and that backfired, unable to unify the Confederacy

Appomattox Courthouse: where Lee (South) surrenders to Grant, marks the end of the war → time for country to heal

Anaconda Plan: Northern strategy to suffocate the South by cutting them off from their resources/supplies

John Wilkes Booth: actor that assassinated Abraham Lincoln, dramatically changed the reconstruction era

Emancipation Proclamation: any slave in a state not under Union control would be free, only would do anything if the North won the war

Total War: nothing is safe from the destruction of war, everything is fair game (ex. Sherman’s March to the Sea)

NYC Draft Riots: reaction that people had to Lincoln instituting a draft in , good example of the class divide (wealthy could buy their way out of the draft, poor couldn’t)

**Reconstruction

**Military Reconstruction: military in the South were the ones implementing reconstruction laws

Abraham Lincoln: started reconstruction but was assassinated before he could see it through

Ten Percent Plan: if ten percent of the state population pledges loyalty then the state can be readmitted to the Union

Civil Rights Act: extended the rights of emancipated slaves, prohibited discrimination, and fight violence directed at the newly freed populations

Andrew Johnson:

Tenure of Office Act: president had to get Congressional approval to remove anybody that was appointed by a president, Congress just making this to get back at Johnson/get him out of cause they hated him, Congress tried to impeach him because he violated it

KKK: terrorized and killed African Americans and their supporters, brutally murdered many people to scare people away from voting, won many local elections for their cause

Ulysses S. Grant:

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 & 1868: reconstruction laws that helped African Americans

Carpetbaggers: Northerners that attempted to help African Americans during reconstruction

Scalawags: Southerners that attempted to help African Americans during reconstruction

Election of 1876: candidates tied, couldn’t figure out who would be president

Rutherford B. Hayes: becomes president because of the election crisis of 1876

Compromise of 1877: compromise between South and North, Hayes can become president if the military is taken out of the South, reconstruction ends

Jim Crow Laws: laws that were designed to prohibit the African Americans from exercising their political rights/voting (ex. Poll tax, grandfather clause, literacy test)

Black codes: laws in the South that prohibited them from being part of society

Civil War Amendments: 13th, 14th, 15th, amendments

**Westward Expansion

**Pacific Railway: railway that was created going cross country, brought many people west (job opportunities and easier to get out there)

Morrill Act: gave land to schools/universities that were going to have an agricultural programs

Homestead Act: allotted 160 acres of land for free or very cheap to anyone that wanted it and would settle the land

Native Americans:

Medicine Lodge Treaty, 1867: put Native Americans on reservations

George Custer: dumb (worst in his class at West Point), led his troops into a bad situation and most of them died (Gen. Custer’s Last Stand), a martyr for the US because he was killed by Natives

Little Bighorn: Goerge Custer and his men get slaughtered, win for Natives, government goes on a revenge streak and really stomps them out

Dawes Severalty Act: attempt to assimilate the Natives by giving them land and encouraging them to farm (Homestead Act but for Natives), failed → Native Americans in plains didn’t know anything about farming and were given crap land

Wounded Knee: conflict that took place between army and the Sioux, massacred the Sioux, last major conflict in the West between government and Native Americans

Joseph Smith / Brigham Young: mormon’s that went out west → to Utah

Cattle Boom: cattle industry becomes prevalent in the (south) west

Range Wars: “wars” between cattle ranchers

Frontier Thesis: humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into, the American frontier was the line of most rapid “americanization’ and the place where democracy flourished