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Bartolomé De Las Casas
Spanish priest that advocated for the Natives in the New World, friend of the Natives, first person to criticize the way people were treating the Natives in the New World.
Whiskey Rebellion
group of farmers in PA rebelled against tax collectors, first real test of federal authority, showcased the power and effectiveness of the federal government.
Thomas Jefferson
great first term (Louisiana purchase, Marbury vs. Madison), but fails in 2nd term w /the French and British messing w /our shipping /sailors and economy, and destroys the economy (Embargo Act → cant trade w /anyone)
Mercantilism
colonies exist for the mother countrys economic gain, government regulation.
John Winthrop
________: elected governor of the MBC, created the idea of "city upon a hill, "instrumental in forming the colonys government and shaping its legislative policy, spread religious righteousness.
Harriet Tubman
________: major abolitionist, a "conductor "of the Underground Railroad, led many slaves to freedom.
Columbian Exchange
massive global exchange of living things (people, animals, plants, and diseases) between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after voyages of Columbus
Christopher Columbus
spanish explorer that "discovered" the Americas, awful to Natives, his journey across the Atlantic finally opened the New World to exploration
Pueblo Revolt
only early on example of a Native victory and are able to survive/coexist w/ Spanish in their area
Anasazi
tribe that made baskets, from the South West
Encomienda System
Spanish system that forced natives to pay a tax / give up resources
Bartolomé De Las Casas
Spanish priest that advocated for the Natives in the New World, friend of the Natives, first person to criticize the way people were treating the Natives in the New World
Iroquois Confederacy
large tribes of Natives in what is now upstate New York that united to fight off settlement from the Europeans (especially English), pretty formidable/effective, dominant group of the North East
Spanish
want $$$
Dutch / French
there for the fur trade, good relations w/ Natives (theyre essential for trade)
English
want to colonize, here for the land, shaky relationship w/ Natives
**Virginia Company
joint-stock company tasked w/ creating a profitable settlement in Virginia, founded Jamestown
Chesapeake Colonies
colonies of Maryland and Virginia
Middle Colonies
colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, allowed (actual) freedom from religious persecution, "land of friends"
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in North America, in Virginia
Powhatan
leader of a confederacy of Algonquian tribes, contributed to the success of Jamestown but also was almost their downfall when he decided to starve them out
)
crops planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit, drove Europeans to colonize and explore the New World, made them powerful both economically and politically
Indentured Servants
workers who promised a certain amount of years of service for free passage to the new world, delayed the need for slaves in the colonies, once their servitude was up the slave trade boomed/need for slaves increased
New England Colonies
MBC, CT, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, religion focused
Mayflower Compact
agreement/pact/covenant signed by the Pilgrims that established their governmental system, first time theres a written government established in the New World, Pilgrims obey the rules of the governors that they chose, established majority rule
William Bradford
leader of the Pilgrims for many years, united the pilgrims again once they got off the Mayflower, main person behind the Mayflower Contact
John Winthrop
elected governor of the MBC, created the idea of "city upon a hill", instrumental in forming the colonys government and shaping its legislative policy, spread religious righteousness
"City upon a hill"
the MBC is a (religious) example for the rest of the world, show how they could live w/o corruption
Massachusetts Bay Colony
puritan settlement in Massachusetts near Boston, strict religious society, want to purify the corruptness in the English Church, extremely economically successful
Pequot War
war fought between Pequots and the New England Confederation, win for the colonists, last threat by Native Americans in New England, allowed colonists to expand/explore in CT and other parts of NE
Thomas Hooker
reverend that led a large group of Puritans into CT, established the colony of Hartford, wrote the first constitution
Roger WIlliams
founded the Providence colony and one of the first Baptist churches after being kicked out of the MBC for believing in rights for individuals
Anne Hutchinson
kicked out of the MBC because she questioned Puritan authorities and founded the colony of Portsmouth, one of the first woman religious leader
King Phililps War
war in Southern NE between many Native American tribes and English settlers over land, resulted in victory for the English, resulted in the end of Native dominance in the area and inaugurated a period of unimpeded colonial expansion
Virginia House of Burgesses
established as an advisory body to colonys governors, representatives self government that was a miniature parliament, seed of the system of representative govt in English America
Bacons Rebellion
rebellion against the government of Jamestown, Bacon and other poorer people living on the outskirts of Jamestown were upset that they were being attacked by Native Americans and their government was not helping them
King Williams War
first in a series of colonial conflicts between France and England for supremacy in North America, French in ENglish fought over the control of the fur trade, lead to continuing conflicts between French and ENglish interests in North America, showed American colonists that English military supports was still important for their safety and security
Triangle Trade
trade between the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean
Middle Passage
journey slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to the colonies, very brutal and awful circumstances, brought slaves and therefore profit to the colonies
Stono Rebellion
early slave rebellion in South Carolina, showed that slaves didnt like being slaves basically
Navigation Acts
acts that British passed that regulated who their colonies traded with → did not inforce until after the French and Indian War
Salutary Neglect
an English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, allowed the colonies to flourish almost as independent states, which kept them satisfied, eventually inadvertently contributed to the American Revolution
**Albany Plan of Union
failed proposition for union of the colonies and some Native American tribes before the French and Indian war proposed by Benjamin Franklin
French and Indian War
War between England and the French fought in the colonies, drastically reduced the influence of French in North America → pretty much completely removed them from the continent, put the the British into debt, made the colonists unhappy / lead to the American revolution
Proclamation of 1763
law established by the British on the colonies because they were worried about conflict w/ Natives, established the proclamation line that did not allow colonists to settle past that line, made colonists very upset → they wanted to expand westward, one of the colonies grievances against Great Britain
John Peter Zenger
imprisoned for speaking out against the British in his newspaper, started the idea of freedom of press
Stamp Act
act imposed by the British that forced the colonists to pay a tax on a official "stamp" for any type of documents/newspapers, angered colonists
Republican Motherhood
the idea that it was the mothers responsibility to pass on educate their children on democracy and politics/encourage them to be active in the community/civic duties, brought women into politics
Stamp Act Congress
first union of the colonies, brought them together against the Stamp Act which they eventually got removed
Sons of Liberty
leaders of the American rebellion, led many important protests
Declaratory Act
act passed after the Stamp Act was repealed, told colonies that the British still had the power to tax them, assert dominance over the colonies, declared the colonists had none of the rights that a normal British citizen would have
Townshend Acts
series of acts that taxed goods imported to the colonies, angered the colonists and further heightened the tensions between England and the colonies, ensured the loyalty of Americas govt officials to the British Crown because they used the revenue from the acts to pay the salaries of colonial governors and judges
Benjamin Franklin
leader in the American revolution, negotiated French support for the colonists, signed Treaty of Paris, and helped draft the Declaration of Independence and Constitution
Boston Massacre
very effective propaganda, taunting by colonists angered British soldiers and they (accidentally) fired on the colonists, prints of the event in colonist newspapers turned many colonists against the British and effectively painted them as the bad guys in the situation
Tea Act
act that established taxes on teas for the colonists, angered the colonists / caused the boston tea party
Boston Tea Party
a few colonists dressed up as Native Americans went aboard a ship and destroy a very large amount of money in tea by throwing it into the Boston harbor, inspired other tea parties across the colonies, angered the British
Intolerable Acts
British retaliation for the Boston tea party, closed the port down, got rid of the Massachusetts charter
First Continental Congress
convention of delegates to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts, colonies start to put up a united front against the British, created a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods unless parliament repealed the Intolerable Acts
**Loyalists
colonists that supported the British government and did not want independence
Patriots
colonists who wanted independence from Britain
**Common Sense
** written by Thomas Paine, convinced colonists that were on the fence that they absolutely needed to fight for independence or they were stupid
Declaration of Independence
the colonies declaration to the British that they were no longer their colonies
George Washington
first president of the US, extremely influential general in the Revolutionary War, led America to victory, established precedents for future presidents
Valley Forge
campsite that the American forces stayed at during the winter, caused many people to desert or die, but also led to more training for the army because of foreign help → American forces came out of that winter more trained and better
Articles of Confederation
first constitution of the US, failed dramatically, was absolutely awful and gave the government virtually no power to do anything
Northwest Ordinance
established the govt for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state, guaranteed that new states would be equal to the og 13
Treaty of Paris
ends the war, talks about some of the things that need to be done, tied up loose ends (not really followed), formally recognized the US as an independent nation
**Shays Rebellion
rebellion that showcased the (many) faults of the Articles of Confederation, poor farmers were not getting paid by the government and were in debt and couldnt/refused to pay their taxes about it so they rebelled, the US federal government did not have the ability to raise an army to stop the rebellion so eventually citizens had to pay for their own private army to stop them, called for a stronger central government
Constitutional Convention
meeting of state delegated to revise the Articles of Confederation, led to the creation of the US Constitution, elected George Washington as the first president of the US
Great (CT) Compromise
combined the Virginia and New Jersey plans to create a bicameral legislature, a House of Reps that allotted reps by population and the Senate which allotted 2 reps to every state regardless of population
⅗ compromise
slaves would count as ⅗ of a person, slave states wanted this so they would have more representation because their populations were majority slave
Separation of Powers / Checks and Balances
each branch of government would have different powers and ways to check other branches, keeps one branch from becoming too powerful
Federalists
wanted a strong central government, supported the Constitution
Anti-Federalists
wanted a weak central government and more power to the states, opposed the Constitution
**George Washington
first president of the US, established precedents for future presidents
Judiciary Act of 1789
established the court system in the US
Loose Construction
constitution is up to interpretation
Strict Construction
constitution should be interpreted and followed exactly how it is written
Alexander Hamiltons Economic Plan
strong federal government, wanted economy based on industrialization/build up of cities, foreign alliance w/ Britain, tax liquor (Alexander Hamilton → secretary of treasury)
Thomas Jeffersons Agrarian Republic
everybody should be farmers, stay away from industrialization and growth of cities, keep farmers and poor people from being burdened w/ high taxes to support a big govt
Federalists
loose constructionism, strong federal government
Democratic-Republicans
advocated for a smaller and more decentralized federal government, strict constructionism
Whiskey Rebellion
group of farmers in PA rebelled against tax collectors, first real test of federal authority, showcased the power and effectiveness of the federal government
Washingtons Farewell Address
warned against political parties and warned to not get involved in foreign affairs, unity is important, the worst enemy of govt was loyalty to party over the nation
John Adams
2nd president of the US, Federalist, avoided the almost war w/ France but was also detrimental to his presidency because of the Alien and Sedition Acts
XYZ Affair
lot of trash talking going on between us and the French, France was mad that we ignored them in some treaty, we sent some people over to talk to France but they wouldn't even talk to the ambassadors until they gave them a bribe, John Adams got back at them by not including the agents names in the brief, called them ‘X, ‘Y, and ‘Z
Alien and Sedition Acts
government was allowed to deport aliens that they thought were dangerous to national security (French people in this case), you cant speak against the government/revoked freedom of the press
VA and KY Resolutions
declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional, states had the right to nullify any federal law that was unconstitutional
Revolution of 1800
Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, defeated incumbent Federalist Party candidate, the election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership
Thomas Jefferson
great first term (Louisiana purchase, Marbury vs. Madison), but fails in 2nd term w/ the French and British messing w/ our shipping/sailors and economy, and destroys the economy (Embargo Act → cant trade w/ anyone)
Louisiana Purchase
purchase of the Louisiana territory from the French for very cheap, led to westward expansion and the exploration of the Mississippi River
Agrarian republic
agricultural society, supporting the rights and sustainability of small farmers and poor peasants against the wealthy society
**James Madison
had to deal w/ the mess of Jeffersons second term and tensions w/ France & Britain, eventually the
War of 1812
US is mad because the British are still in North America and messing w/ trade and ships and they want them out, had no real conclusion, brought the country together → everybody has the same ideas, US is seen on equal footing w/ England → not longer Britains little brother
James Monroe
president during the era of good feelings, relatively stable presidency
Era of Good Feelings
nationalism
Monroe Doctrine
no more taking land
Missouri Compromise
established that any state admitted to the union above Missouri would be a free state and any new state under the line would be a slave state, established Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state
Henry Clays American System
improve our transportation network (railroads, canals, roads, move things w/ more efficiency), establish a national bank, putting tariffs on imports coming into US (people buy American made products) → like Hamiltons plan
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
ruined Jacksons presidency / reputation, nobody had the majority in the presidential election so Jackson told Henry Clay that if he dropped out and told all his voters to vote for Jackson then Jackson would add him to his cabinet, which he did
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