Human Physiology - Comprehensive Final

what is physiology?

the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities; cause and effect

what is pathophysiology?

the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes

Blood pH range

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

integrating center sends information to __________.

effectors

regulators of effectors in most feedback loops

nerves, hormones

built in homeostatic regulatory mechanism

intrinsic

endocrine/nerve system

extrinsic

in high blood glucose, islet cells are stimulated to release insulin, which acts on target cells to take up glucose. islet cells are what part of the feedback loop?

sensor, integrating center, effector (all)

vessel gets damaged, platelets accumulate

positive feedback

platelets are what part of the loop

integrating center

control of hormone secretion by itself is called

negative feedback inhibition

cause of insulin secretion

increased blood glucose

blood glucose goes down, what two things make it normal again

decrease insulin, increase glucagon

4 primary tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

only consciously controlled muscle

skeletal

neuroglia are where?

brain and spinal cord

do neuroglia conduct impulses?

they do not conduct impulses, they are supporter cells

this type of connection allow epithelial cells to form strong membrane

junctional

epithelium tissues lining the uterine tubes

simple ciliated columnar

epithelial tissue lining the bladder

transitional

what type of stem cell is a zygote

totipotent

does epidermis provide strength and elasticity?

no

glands primarily responsible for thermoregulation

eccrine

testes secreting testosterone

endocrine; being secreted into the blood

which of the following is true?

movement of proteins in the plasma membrane allows for cellular adaptations to the extracellular environment

surface proteins can be

receptors

partially embedded proteins are

peripheral

plasma membrane is mosaic because of _________

moving proteins in a random arrangement

cholesterol and phospholipids contribute to

plasma membrane flexibility

T/F: plasma membrane produces energy

false

cells that perform ________ move through the ___________ by amoeboid movement

phagocytosis, extracellular matrix

phagocytosis is important for:

body defense against foreign organic matter, promoting inflammation, and removal of old and dying cells.

intake of specific molecules into a cell:

receptor mediated endocytosis

cells secrete products using

exocytosis

release of neurotransmitters occurs via

exocytosis

phagocytosis differs from endocytosis

(no answers are correct)

folds to increase surface area

microvilli

cells with lots of microvilli are involved in

digestion, reabsorption of molecules

liquid in cell

cytosol

name some cytoplasmic inclusions

glycogen, melanin, triglycerides (actin is not part of this, it is for cell structure)

what type of lysosome contains undigested wastes?

residual body

Tay-Sachs affects

lysosomes

what enzyme is needed to prevent excess hydrogen peroxide of peroxisome acty?

catalase

energy production organelle

mitochondria

protein synthesis

ribosomes

cells producing lots of proteins would contain lots of

rough ER

a cell with lots of mitochondria and smooth ER

skeletal muscle

packages and modifies

golgi apparatus

mRNA exits nucleus via

pores in the nuclear envelope

produces ribosomal RNA

nucleolus

nuclear envelope has a single or double layer

double (answer is false)

transcription enzyme

RNA polymerase

where are ribosomes located?

cytoplasm and rough ER

which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes?

tRNA

Aid in folding polypeptide into tertiary structure

chaperones

Adds carbs to proteins in packaging

golgi apparatus (lacking golgi, can't add carbs)

Golgi apparatus functions

package, modify, separate

Which cycle is right before the S phase?

G1

Process of cell death, membrane remains intact

apoptosis

Process of tissue death, cells swell, rupture membrane

necrosis

Apoptosis involves these enzymes known as cell executioners

caspases

Total body water is intracellular

67%

How much of the extracellular fluid is plasma?

20%

A membrane that only "lets" certain molecules in while keeping other molecules out is ___ ___.

selectively permeable

transport does not require membrane proteins.

simple diffusion

passive transport of water

osmosis

Does active transport require energy?

Yes, in the form of ATP

how do small ions pass through plasma membrane

ion channels

3 things that influence rate of diffusion

concentration, surface area, permeability

cells in hypotonic solution will

increase in size

solution given to reduce edema

hypertonic

characteristics protein carrier mediated transport molecules display

specificity, competitive, can be saturated

maximum transport is related to which property from 72

saturation

glucose transported via GLUT carrier is what kind of transport

passive

active transport carriers are also called

pumps

What does the ATPase enzyme do?

hydrolyze ATP

is Na+/K+ primary active transport?

yes

describe secondary active transport

requires influx of sodium ions

inhibition of receptor mediated endocytosis would induce what disease

hypercholesterolemia

movement of large molecules into cells is by what process

endocytosis, bulk transport

can axonal transport go anterograde, retrograde, or both

both

describe retrograde transport

move substances to cell, use motor proteins, move viruses

what is the function of dendrites

Transmit impulses toward the cell body

what nervous system innervates involuntary effectors

autonomic

what neurons are found entirely in CNS

interbneurons, association

which neuroglia is phagocytic

microglia

neuroglia that makes the CNS myelin sheath

oligodendrocytes

neuroglia that line ventricles and make CSF

ependymal

neuroglia that makes PNS myelin sheath

schwann cells

structure in PNS axons, not surrounding CNS axons

neurilemma

gap of exposed axon in myelin sheath

Node of Ranvier

term white matter refers to

myelinated axons in CNS

astrocytes are not involved in

breakdown and engulfment of foreign material in the CNS

blood brain barrier results from which neuroglia

astrocytes

normal resting potential

-65 to -85

if a membrane is not excitable, it means what about permeability

cell cannot vary permeability to specific ions

resting nerve cells are more permeable to K+ or Na+

potassium

average resting potential of axon

-70mV

a drug that blocks ligand gated sodium channels does what

prevents neuron depolarization

depolarization is positive feedback because

more Na+ in, more voltage Na channels open