Biology Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key biology concepts including photosynthesis, the digestive system, gas exchange, and health & disease.

Palisade Cells

Cells in the tops of leaves with lots of chloroplasts.

Stomata

Tiny holes underneath the leaf where oxygen and carbon dioxide can travel.

Balanced Diet

Contains the correct amount of all food groups.

Food Groups

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, and water.

Proteins

Enable growth and repair of tissues.

Vitamins

Vital in many processes.

Fibre

Help food pass through the digestive system.

Food

A store of energy, transferred from the food to the consumer, and is measured in joules (J) or kilojoules (kJ).

Unbalanced Diet

May lead to obesity, starvation, and deficiency diseases.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into tiny particles which are absorbed into the blood.

Mechanical Digestion

Includes chewing in the mouth and churning in the stomach.

Chemical Digestion

Occurs when enzymes digest food into smaller molecules.

Human Digestive System

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine that provide a large surface area for the absorption of food.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts which speed up reactions, without being used up.

Gas Exchange System

Gets oxygen into the blood and removes carbon dioxide as a person breathes.

Gas Exchange System Components

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs found at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs.

Breathing

The movement of gases into and out from the lungs.

Lung Capacity

The maximum amount of air you can breathe in and out.

Smoking

Causes lung disease, heart disease, and increased risks of several different types of cancer.

Health

Includes physical, mental and social well-being.

Disease

Causes health problems by affecting an organism's body, organs, tissue or cells.

Communicable Diseases

Can be passed between organisms.

Pathogen

A micro-organism that causes communicable disease.

Antibiotics

Medicines which kill bacteria.

Vaccines

Protect us against pathogens.

Non-Communicable Diseases

Cannot be transferred between one organism and another.

Drug

A substance that has an effect on the body.

Recreational Drugs

May affect health, life processes and behaviour of a person.

Mental Health Issues

Include anxiety and depression.