Studied by 6 peopleAct of Toleration
An act passed in Maryland in 1649 that granted freedom of worship to all Christians, marking a milestone in religious freedom in the colonies. However, it did not extend to non-Christians.
Anne Hutchinson
A charismatic colonist in Massachusetts Bay who challenged the clergy and laws of the colony, leading the Antinomian controversy. She was banished from Massachusetts in 1638 and later killed by Indians in 1643.
Anglican Church
The Church of England started by King Henry VIII in 1533, with the monarch as its head. It was strongest in the Southern Colonies and became the second-largest church in America by 1776.
Bacon's Rebellion
An attack led by Nathaniel Bacon against Native Americans in the Virginia backcountry. Bacon also attacked Jamestown and briefly deposed the governor, highlighting the dangers of the indentured-servant system and British policy.
Congregationalists (Puritans)
Believers in the Puritan movement who sought to purify the Church of England. They were strong in New England and held strict religious beliefs, including predestination and intolerance towards other religious groups.
First Great Awakening
A religious revival in the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, led by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. It aimed to combat growing secularism and rationalism in mid-eighteenth century America.
Halfway Covenant
A Puritan response to the dilemma of nonchurch members' children. It allowed baptism for these children but restricted their participation in communion and voting in government/church affairs.
House of Burgesses
The first popularly-elected legislative assembly in America, which met in Jamestown in 1619.
Indentured servants
Laborers who served a contracted period of four to seven years in exchange for passage to the colonies. They were mainly poor, political dissenters, and criminals from England.
Jonathan Edwards
A Congregational minister and leading voice of the Great Awakening in the 1740s. His sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," emphasized the absolute sovereignty of God and challenged ideas of easy salvation.
John Smith
A leader who saved Jamestown through firm leadership in 1607 and 1608. He promoted colonization of North America through his writings.
John Winthrop
The leader of the Puritans who settled in Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s. He called for the creation of a "city upon a hill" and guided the colony through various crises.
Mayflower Compact
A written agreement in 1620 among male settlers in Plymouth to create a body politic. It served as a precursor to charters and constitutions adopted in all the colonies.
Mercantilism
An economic doctrine that advocated for the mother country's dominance and regulation of its colonies. It fixed trade patterns, imposed high tariffs, and discouraged colonial manufacturing.
Navigation Acts
A series of English laws that enforced the mercantile system and controlled colonial trade. They restricted trade to British ships, enumerated goods for export to England or other English colonies, and limited colonial manufacturing.
Roger Williams
A Puritan who advocated for the separation of church and government and recognized the rights of Native Americans. He was banished in 1635 and founded Rhode Island.
Salem witchhunt
A period of hysteria in 1692 when a group of teenaged girls accused neighbors of witchcraft. It resulted in the execution of nineteen people and the imprisonment of hundreds, subsiding only when prominent individuals were accused.
Salutary neglect
A British policy from 1607 to 1754 that involved minimal interference with the colonies. This policy allowed the colonies to thrive and prosper, but attempts to end it contributed to the friction leading to the American Revolution.
Society of Friends (Quakers)
A church founded by George Fox that emphasized direct, individualistic experiences with God. The Quakers were strongly opposed to the Anglican Church in England and the Congregationalist Church in America.
William Penn
The Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, which was intended to be a haven for Quakers but tolerated all religions. The colony initially had good relations with Native Americans.
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