Studied by 4 peopleabsolutes
words such as “always,” “never,” “all,” and “none.”
allusion
A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge.
analogy
inductive reasoning in which we assume that if two instances are alike in a number of important points, they will be alike in the point in question.
“Life is like a box of chocolates - you never know what you’re gonna get”
anecdote
A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience’s attention or to support a generalization or claim.
anticipated objection
The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections.
“I know you might be thinking, thats stupid, but wait let me explain”
appeal
One of three strategies for persuading audiences—logos, appeals to reason; pathos, appeal to emotion; and ethos, appeals to ethics.
appeal to authority
In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as means of supporting a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
“The mayor said that the crime rate is down. The statistics claiming otherwise must be erroneous.” lol erroneous is not a word
argument
A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject.
asyndeton
Stylistic device in which conjunctions are (intentionally) omitted in a series of words phrases or clauses, in order to achieve an artistic effect.
Julius Caesar used asyndeton when he famously wrote, “Veni, Vidi, Vici” or “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
audience
The person or persons who listen to a spoken text or read a written one and are capable of responding to it.
begging the question
The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.
Chocolate is healthful because it's good for you. That begs the question. How do you know chocolate is good for you?
claim
The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument.
concession
-concede
The act of conceding or yielding, as a right, a privilege, or a point or fact in an argument.
-To acknowledge as true, just, or proper; to admit.
“Even though she's in her 60s, she can run really fast.
These are examples of concession – sentences which begin with 'although' or 'even though' followed by an idea which suggests the opposite of what you expect from the main part of the sentence”
conclusion (of syllogism)
The ultimate point or generalization that a syllogism expresses.
"Syllogistic arguments are usually represented in a three-line form: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
connotation
The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its directly expressed “dictionary meaning.”
like aw im a sad girl im feeling blue bcs thats also a color yk
context
The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.
data (as evidence)
Facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
deduction / deductive reasoning
Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle. Reasoning from the general to the particular.
Christmas is always Dec. 25th; today is Dec. 25th, therefore it's Christmas.
denotation
The dictionary definition of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.
diction
Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.
“To get it sorted (to mates) To solve the problem (to colleagues)”
thats so british
effect
The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener
enthymeme (EN-thuh-meem)
Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated.
“enthymeme, in syllogistic, or traditional, logic, name of a syllogistic argument that is incompletely stated. In the argument “All insects have six legs; therefore, all wasps have six legs,” the minor premise, “All wasps are insects,” is suppressed.”
ethos
The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.
evidence
the facts, statistics, anecdotes, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
example
An illustration or incident offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.
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