Chapter 8 AP Chem Vocab

bond energy

the energy required to break a given chemical bond

ionic bonding

the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

ionic compound

a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form a cation and an anion

Coulomb’s law

E=2.31 x 10 ^ -19 ((Q1Q2)/r), where ­E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q1 and Q2 are the numerical ion charges.

bond length

the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond, the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal

covalent bonding

a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms

polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other

electronegativity

the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself

dipolar

couldn’t find (dipolar)

dipole moment

a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge

isoelectronic ions

ions containing the same number of electrons

lattice energy

the energy change occurring when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid

single bond

a bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms

double bond

a bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms

triple bond

a bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms

localized electron (LE) model

a model that assumes that a molecule is composed of atoms that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms

lone pair

an electron pair that is localized on a given atoms; an electron pair not involved in bonding

bonding pair

an electron pair found in the space between two atoms

Lewis structure

a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule

duet rule

couldn’t find (duet rule)

octet rule

the observation that atoms of nonmetals tend to form the most stable molecules when they are surrounded by eight electrons (to fill in their valence orbitals)

resonance

a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule, the actual electronic structure is not represented by any one of the Lewis structures but by the average of all of them

resonance structure

couldn’t find (resonance structure)

formal charge

the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or a polyatomic ion derived from a specific set of rules

molecular structure

the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule

valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model

a model whose main postulate is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by minimizing electron-pair repulsions

linear structure

couldn’t find (linear structure)

trigonal planar structure

couldn’t find (trigonal planar structure)

tetrahedral structure

couldn’t find (tetrahedral structure)

trigonal pyramid

couldn’t find (trigonal pyramid)

trigonal bipyramid

couldn’t find (trigonal bipyramid)

octahedral structure

couldn’t find (octahedral structure)

square planal structure

couldn’t find (square planal structure)