Apush Unit 6 Terms
Homestead Act 1862
Passed by congress under Lincoln
Farming, mining ranching
Promoted westward movement
Indians pushed off
160 acres 10$ for 5 years
1.25$ per acre 6 months
Failed to achieve goal long term
⅔ fail (weather, economics)
Pacific Railway Act 1862
Gov gave land and money to railroad companies to build railroads
Rep congress wanted a transcon railroad
Resulted in transcon
Increased transportation efficiency between west and east
Westward expansion
Moved Indians
Vertical integration 1848-1890
Andrew Carnegie
the process of a company acquiring all the complementary industries that support its business
Carnegie was able to purchase companies handling steel production (mining companies, processing companies, distribution companies)
Complete domination of the industry with little room for competition
Vertical integration saw Carnegie amass mining operations, mills, and distribution methods under the umbrella of one company, thus increasing efficiency and profit and control over the product
John D. Rockefeller 1863
Oil monopolist
1873 president of standard oil
By the late 1880s, Standard Oil controlled almost 90% of the oil industry
Maximize efficiency in refining
his business grew he made many shrewd business moves, forcing his competitors to sell their companies to him, thus eliminating competition
Horizontal integration
Horizontal integration 1863-1897
A business strategy used by John D. Rockefeller
Dominate a single crucial step in industry that everyone must interact with
Rockefeller controlled 90% of oil refineries by 1879
Accomplished by hurtng and buying out all rival firms in the same level to form a monopoly
Knights of Labor founded 1869 Philidelphia
Large and active 1880s
Labor union that also included women and blacks
700,000 members
Successfully led many strikes
Better pay, 8 hour days, health and safety
Opposed child labor and wanted equal wage for women
Opposed chinese immigration(competition)
Discredited by hay market square riot
Blamed for the violence and death
Munn v. Illinois 1877
Pressure from grange movement caused state to cap railroad and storage cost
Munn warehouse still overcharges and claims it is unconstitutional because it takes property without due process
SC sides with farmers and state and says that the prices need to be capped
Allows states to regulate intrastate commerce
Massive victory for farmers
Later repealed in wabash v illinois 1866
Claimed that railroads are both intrastate and interstate
Federal law>state law
States cannot regulate railroads
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
Banned Chinese from coming to US
Meant to last 10 years and renewed in 1892
Repealed 1943
California nativists blamed issues on Chinese like eco cuz they work for low wages
Haymarket Square riot 1886
Labor protest in Chicago
Became a riot after a bomb was thrown at police
8 people dead
Discredited labor movements but also caused some to view convicted men as martyrs
Wabash v Illinois 1886
Reversed munn
Claimed that railroads are both intrastate and interstate
Federal law>state law
States cannot regulate railroads
Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
Established by the commerce act of 1886 due to railroad complaints
first federal regulation board
Monitors and regulates interstate transportation
Requires railroad prices to be fair and just
Gave gov ability to regulate big businesses
Controlled railroad monopoly
Dawes Severalty Act 1887
Authorized the federal confiscation and redistribution of tribal lands
ended the reservation system and tribal life
aim of the act was to destroy tribal governing councils and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by replacing their communal traditions with a culture centered on the individual
tribal lands were parceled out into individual allotments, and only those Native Americans who accepted the individual plots were allowed to become US citizens
Left over was sold
Gospel of Wealth 1889
Written by Carnegie
Wealthy have responsibility to pay it forward
Disgraceful and immoral to not use wealth to help society
Feels he is very lucky
Carnegie payed for libraries
Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise 1895
Speech
For blacks to assimilate, they need to get better
We need to prove we’re worthy and worth helping
Don’t ask for too much immediately
Later opposed by Dubois
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
First federal action against monopolies
Any trust or monopoly that restrains trade or commerce is illegal
No power or enforcement
Rarely used against monopolies
Mainly used against labor unions
US v EC rendered it useless
Jacob Riis 1890
Photographer and reformer who took photos of “the other side”
Wanted to show wealthy whats happening
Published book “How the Other side Lives” documenting horrible living conditions in NY slums
Makes public aware of what’s happening
Pullman Strike 1894
Pullman company manufactured sleeping cars for trains
cut wages of his workers in response to the panic of 1893
fired union workers who came to negotiate with them
remainder of workers went on strike
Union Leader Eugene V. Debs directed the members of his union not to work on any trains that had Pullman cars on them
railroad owners siding with Pullman attached Pullman cars to trains carrying federal mail, and tampering with mail is a federal offense
Forced gov to pass an injunction
Sent troops caused violence
Eugene Debs and other leaders were jailed for hindering with federal mail and strike ended
United States v. E.C. Knight Co 1895
EC is a sugar monopoly
SC says EC 90% control of industry is not in violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Sherman law is useless
Shows power of monopolists
14th amend contribute to growth of big business because it made the 5th amend apply to states
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Jim crow laws establish segregation due to racism after no slavery
Plessy sits in white person seat on a train
Refused to move and arrested
Established “seperate but equal”
Justifies segregation
Single tax –H. George
Social Gospel
"new immigration"
W.E.B DuBois
Wounded Knee
Hull House
A.F.L.
Bonanza farming
Coxey’s Army 1894
Jacob Coxey
Unemployment
Indemnity Zone Clause
Gov paid railroads as compensation for injury or illegal action
Money railroads sold instead of paying workers more
Homestead Act 1862
Passed by congress under Lincoln
Farming, mining ranching
Promoted westward movement
Indians pushed off
160 acres 10$ for 5 years
1.25$ per acre 6 months
Failed to achieve goal long term
⅔ fail (weather, economics)
Pacific Railway Act 1862
Gov gave land and money to railroad companies to build railroads
Rep congress wanted a transcon railroad
Resulted in transcon
Increased transportation efficiency between west and east
Westward expansion
Moved Indians
Vertical integration 1848-1890
Andrew Carnegie
the process of a company acquiring all the complementary industries that support its business
Carnegie was able to purchase companies handling steel production (mining companies, processing companies, distribution companies)
Complete domination of the industry with little room for competition
Vertical integration saw Carnegie amass mining operations, mills, and distribution methods under the umbrella of one company, thus increasing efficiency and profit and control over the product
John D. Rockefeller 1863
Oil monopolist
1873 president of standard oil
By the late 1880s, Standard Oil controlled almost 90% of the oil industry
Maximize efficiency in refining
his business grew he made many shrewd business moves, forcing his competitors to sell their companies to him, thus eliminating competition
Horizontal integration
Horizontal integration 1863-1897
A business strategy used by John D. Rockefeller
Dominate a single crucial step in industry that everyone must interact with
Rockefeller controlled 90% of oil refineries by 1879
Accomplished by hurtng and buying out all rival firms in the same level to form a monopoly
Knights of Labor founded 1869 Philidelphia
Large and active 1880s
Labor union that also included women and blacks
700,000 members
Successfully led many strikes
Better pay, 8 hour days, health and safety
Opposed child labor and wanted equal wage for women
Opposed chinese immigration(competition)
Discredited by hay market square riot
Blamed for the violence and death
Munn v. Illinois 1877
Pressure from grange movement caused state to cap railroad and storage cost
Munn warehouse still overcharges and claims it is unconstitutional because it takes property without due process
SC sides with farmers and state and says that the prices need to be capped
Allows states to regulate intrastate commerce
Massive victory for farmers
Later repealed in wabash v illinois 1866
Claimed that railroads are both intrastate and interstate
Federal law>state law
States cannot regulate railroads
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
Banned Chinese from coming to US
Meant to last 10 years and renewed in 1892
Repealed 1943
California nativists blamed issues on Chinese like eco cuz they work for low wages
Haymarket Square riot 1886
Labor protest in Chicago
Became a riot after a bomb was thrown at police
8 people dead
Discredited labor movements but also caused some to view convicted men as martyrs
Wabash v Illinois 1886
Reversed munn
Claimed that railroads are both intrastate and interstate
Federal law>state law
States cannot regulate railroads
Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
Established by the commerce act of 1886 due to railroad complaints
first federal regulation board
Monitors and regulates interstate transportation
Requires railroad prices to be fair and just
Gave gov ability to regulate big businesses
Controlled railroad monopoly
Dawes Severalty Act 1887
Authorized the federal confiscation and redistribution of tribal lands
ended the reservation system and tribal life
aim of the act was to destroy tribal governing councils and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by replacing their communal traditions with a culture centered on the individual
tribal lands were parceled out into individual allotments, and only those Native Americans who accepted the individual plots were allowed to become US citizens
Left over was sold
Gospel of Wealth 1889
Written by Carnegie
Wealthy have responsibility to pay it forward
Disgraceful and immoral to not use wealth to help society
Feels he is very lucky
Carnegie payed for libraries
Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise 1895
Speech
For blacks to assimilate, they need to get better
We need to prove we’re worthy and worth helping
Don’t ask for too much immediately
Later opposed by Dubois
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
First federal action against monopolies
Any trust or monopoly that restrains trade or commerce is illegal
No power or enforcement
Rarely used against monopolies
Mainly used against labor unions
US v EC rendered it useless
Jacob Riis 1890
Photographer and reformer who took photos of “the other side”
Wanted to show wealthy whats happening
Published book “How the Other side Lives” documenting horrible living conditions in NY slums
Makes public aware of what’s happening
Pullman Strike 1894
Pullman company manufactured sleeping cars for trains
cut wages of his workers in response to the panic of 1893
fired union workers who came to negotiate with them
remainder of workers went on strike
Union Leader Eugene V. Debs directed the members of his union not to work on any trains that had Pullman cars on them
railroad owners siding with Pullman attached Pullman cars to trains carrying federal mail, and tampering with mail is a federal offense
Forced gov to pass an injunction
Sent troops caused violence
Eugene Debs and other leaders were jailed for hindering with federal mail and strike ended
United States v. E.C. Knight Co 1895
EC is a sugar monopoly
SC says EC 90% control of industry is not in violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Sherman law is useless
Shows power of monopolists
14th amend contribute to growth of big business because it made the 5th amend apply to states
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Jim crow laws establish segregation due to racism after no slavery
Plessy sits in white person seat on a train
Refused to move and arrested
Established “seperate but equal”
Justifies segregation
Single tax –H. George
Social Gospel
"new immigration"
W.E.B DuBois
Wounded Knee
Hull House
A.F.L.
Bonanza farming
Coxey’s Army 1894
Jacob Coxey
Unemployment
Indemnity Zone Clause
Gov paid railroads as compensation for injury or illegal action
Money railroads sold instead of paying workers more