Biochemistry Exam 1

weaker

the higher the dielectric constant, the (stronger/weaker) the interaction between charges

stronger

alcohol causes dehydration, which leads to (stronger/weaker) charges in the body

cooling

high heat capacity of water has what affect on the body?

high heat of vaporization

what property of water helps prevent dehydration?

high

does water have a high or low dielectric constant?

clathrate

molecules of one component are physically trapped within the crystal structure of another (ex. water molecules surrounding a non-polar solute)

40%

what percentage of body weight does the ICF account for?

20%

what percentage of body weight does the ECF account for?

Na+ and Cl-

what ions are most abundant in the ECF?

K+ and PO4

what ions/molecules are more abundant in the ICF?

confusion, drowsiness, muscle weakness, seizures, coma

what can hypo and hypernatremia lead to?

abnormal hear rhythm

what can hypo and hyperkalemia lead to?

hypo - weakness, numbness in hands and feet

hyper - nausea, vomiting, confusion, coma

what can hypo and hypercalcemia lead to?

85%

how much hemoglobin saturation does the brain require for proper functioning?

metabolic acidosis

exercise causes the release of lactic acid, resulting in _________

metabolic alkalosis

biochemical reactions and protein degradation lead to build up of ammonia, resulting in _________

respiratory acidosis

conditions, such as COPD or pneumonia, may not allow the body to eliminate CO2 from the blood, resulting in _________

respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation results in elimination of CO2, resulting in _________

weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid

buffers consist of a _____________________

second

dihydrogen phosphate loses 3H+, but the ________ proton is the most suitable buffer for physiological pH

we can increase the salt concentration to neutralize externally added acid

how can we increase the buffering range of the bicarbonate anion in the body, since it is out of range (pKa=6.1)?

20

in order to maintain a pH of 7.4, we need ____ times more HCO3- than CO2

kidneys

the concentration of HCO3- is regulated by the __________

lungs

the concentration of CO2 is regulated by the _________

amino, carboxylic acid, and R group

an amino acid contains three groups: ________, ________, ________

longer

the (longer/shorter) the R side chain, the more hydrophobic

greater

when pH is (greater/less) than the pKa of an ionizable group, it is deprotonated

less

when pH is (greater/less) than the pKa of an ionizable group, it is protonated

greater

when determining the secondary most predominant form of an amino acid - the form at the lower pH will be secondary when the average pKa is (greater/less) than the pH

less

when determining the secondary most predominant form of an amino acid - the form at the higher pH will be secondary when the average pKa is (greater/less) than the pH

melatonin

tryptophan can be converted into serotonin, which can then be converted into ________

sopnification

hydrolyzing fats with alkalis is considered __________ (breaks down fats into soap and glycerol)

triacyglycerols

storage molecule in the fat that gives us maximal energy upon oxidation

cholesterol

made up of four rings and is a hormone precursor

glycerol

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

hydrophilic

R1 and R2 on a glycerol are from fatty acids, but R3 is a ___________ group

sphingolipid

lipid containing sphingosine rather than glycerol

ceramide

made from adding an amide to a sphingolipid

sphingomyelin

made from adding phosphocholine to a ceramide

a lipid with a saccharide

what is a glycolipid?

glycosphingolipid

a sphingolipid with a head group composed of sugars, including cerebrosides and globosides

glycoglycerolipids

glycerol based glycolipids that are more commnoly found in plants and bacteria

membrane lipids

the following are functions of __________:

1. separation of cellular processes

2. signaling and transport

3. regulation of what enters and leaves the cell

4. stability and integrity

glycerophospholipid

a lipid containing a glycerol, phosphate, and two fatty acids

phosphotidylinositol (PI)

glycerophospholipid that is a major source of signaling metabolites

ex: arachiadonic acid >> prostaglandins OR diacylglycerol >> protein kinases

IP3

second messenger that signal the release of Ca2+

phosphotidylethanolamine (PE)

glycerophospholipid that moves from the cytosol to the membrane to increase H-bonding potential

phophotidylcholine (PC)

glycerophospholipid that is important for signaling

ex: Ach precursor

phophotidylserine (PS)

glycerophospholipid that flips lipids from inner to outer membrane and vice versa, which triggers non-inflammatory phagocytes during apoptosis

glycosyl phosphotidylinositol (GPI) anchoring

reversible method for anchoring proteins to a cell membrane (can be cut at the phosphate group to remove)

lipid raft

lipid-protein complexes that freely move laterally and regulate signaling

separation

what can be done to a lipid raft when we don't want them working all of the time?

pathogens

when a lipid raft comes together, it forms a binding site that allows ________ to enter

cholesterol and sphingomyelin

_______ and _______ are essential for raft formation

glycolipids

lipids that are important for cell communication, such as antigen recognition of blood types

increases

decreasing permeability (increases/decreases) rigidity

cardiovascular health and diabetes

fish oils are good for what health conditions? (counteracts cholesterol-induced rigidity and increases insulin receptor activity)

enter

binding of insulin to receptors, triggers glucose to (enter/exit) a cell

carbon 1

carbon 6

onic acids have a carboxylic acid on carbon ___ whereas uronic acids have a carboxylic acid on carbon ___

oxidized sugars

toxic products can be linked to ____________ to increase solubility and excretion (ex: bilirubin in the liver)

polyols

when carbonyls are converted to alcohols, they are considered _______ (ex: glyceraldehyde >> glycerol)

amino

cell surface oligosaccharides used for cell identification are made by ______ sugars

cartilage

what structure in the body is made from amino sugars?

sialic acid

which monosaccharide derivative is considered an N-acetyl-mannosamine

glycosidic

an ether bond through the anomeric carbon is considered a ________ link

enzyme

to make food lactose free, we can add an _______, such as beta-galactosidase aka lactase

starch

energy reserve in plants

amylopectin

insoluble starch with branching at (1 -> 6) that can absorb water, but will not dissolve

saliva

pancreatic amylase

_____ begins digestion of starches in the mouth, and ______ breaks it down further in the pancreas

intestine

starches are broken down by the pancreas into dextrins, maltotriose, and maltose. dextrins are further broken down in the __________

glycogen

storage form of sugar in animals

cellulose

plant fiber that absorbs water and swells to make us feel full - helps maintain body weight

true

the human body cannot digest cellulose - true or false

chitin

indigestible polysaccharide that promotes wound healing and is biodegradable (ex: stitches)

chondroitins

structural component of cartilage that resists compression

heparin

highly charged polysaccharid that solubilizes blood clots to improve blood blow

carbohydrates

cancer cells lack ________, making them easier to move throughout the body

glycosylated proteins

protein backbones with carbohydrate side chains

peptidoglycans and proteoglycans

carbohydrate backbones with polypeptide side chains (two answers)

bursting

peptidoglycans protect cells from _______

lysozymes

enzymes that attack the peptidoglycan layer

peptidoglycans

penicillins and vancomycins interfere with biosynthesis of _________ on bacteria so that they easily undergo lysis

proteoglycans

protein chain on carbohydrate that offers resilience and cell adherence

nucleic acids

_________ are made up of an aromatic nitrogen base, carbohydrate, and phosphate group

nucleosides

nucleotides lacking a phosphate group are called ________

two

one

purines have ______ ring(s), while pyrimidines have _____

anomeric carbon

in DNA and RNA, bases always attached to the ____________ through an N-glycosidic link

3' and 5'

which carbons do phosphates connect to on cyclic nucleotides

purine di and triphosphates

what nucleotide is the highest in energy

cyclic

(cyclic/linear) nucleotides act as intracellular messengers to activate pathways

adenine = adenylic acid

guanine = guanylic acid

how are purines named when in nucleotide form?

cytosine = cytidylic acid

uracil = uridylic acid

thymine = deoxythymidylic acid (only found in DNA)

how are pyrimidines named when in nucleotide form?

purines - end in "sine" (adenosine)

pyrimidines - end in "dine" (thymidine)

how are nucleosides named (different for purines and pyrimidines)?

nucleoside name + monophosphate (adenosine monophosphate) OR replace "ine" with "ylic acid" (dexoythymidylic acid)

how are nucleotides with one phosphate named?

nucleoside name + di/triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate aka ATP)

how are nucleotides with two or three phosphates named?

cofactors

non-proteins required for enzymes to function

NAD and FAD

examples of cofactors that easily lose and gain electrons and are used in oxidation/reduction reactions

ATP

cofactor that acts as a source of phosphate for kinases and hydrolyzes to release energy for cells

phosphodiester

nucleotides attach through ____________ bonds at C3' and C5', which forms the primary structure of nucleic acids

G - C

A - T (DNA)

A - U (RNA)

what are the nucleotide base pairings for DNA and RNA