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Graft
the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician
Political Machines
Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
Old Immigrants
Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. Before 1865
New Immigrants
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. After 1865 - 1914
Ellis Island
New York City
Angel Island
San Francisco
Push Factors
Unemployment , Overcrowding, Compulsory Military Service
Pull Factors
Land, Social Mobility, Jobs
Nativism
extreme dislike of immigrants be native born people base on ethnicity or religious prejudice
American Protective Association
An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. Wanted to not hire immigrants or vote for Catholics
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers. stop immigration for 10 years and prevented citizenship
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban areas (cities)
Skyscrapers
tall buildings built as land values were rising in cities.
Mass Transit
Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes
Cities
separated by class, wealthy lived in the heart of the cities, middle class - suburbs, working class - tenements.
Party Boss
people who ran political machines
Tammany Hall
an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in New York City
William Boss Tweed
Political Machine Leader of NYC's Tammany Hall. Corrupt in spending tax dollars. Benefit voters for votes and politicians for graft/greed.
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper
Hull House
Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
William Jennings Bryan
Populist and Democratic presidential nominee in 1896
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Scott Joplin
King of Ragtime
Pendleton Act
reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. allowed government to break up big companies in 1890
Thomas Eakins
Specialized in painting the everyday lifes of working-class men and women
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
Progressivism
movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms
Government regulations
the act of controlling business behavior through a set of rules or laws
Muckrakers
Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public
City Government reforms
Create city departments - certain areas transit, electrical, sewage. Hire City managers to run the city - you can also fire them if they don't do their job.
Direct Primary
A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office
Initiative
A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.
Referendum
a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
Recall
procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
17th Amendment
Direct election of US senators
American Women Suffrage Association
focused on winning the right to vote for women state by state.
National Women Suffrage Association
A group that worked for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
nativist’s reaction to immigrants
feared Catholics were gaining control of America. Unions and workers were worried immigrants would take jobs/ be strikebreakers. Created American Protective Association and Chinese Exclusion Act.
popular culture
people had more money to spend on entertainment and recreation
settlement house movement
in poor neighborhoods and offered healthcare and education for the working class
Booker T. Washington
proposed Af. Am. fight for economic rights and prepare by getting education and vocation
social Darwinism
society evolved through competition and natural selection “survival of fittest”
tenements
multifamily apartment. crowded
individualism
no matter how poor/which class you were when started, people could rise in society as far as talents and commitment would take them (capitalism-free enterprise)
philatropy
idea wealthy Am. should use fortunes to help people help themselves- Carnegie libraries- Bill Gates Foundation
Lester Frank Ward
Dynamic Sociology- argues humans are different than animals (Darwinism)- humans have ability to make plans for future outcomes, can cooperate, and government could regulate economy- end poverty, promote education
social gospel movement
worked for better conditions in cities according to biblical ideals of charity and justice- inspired churches to build gyms, provide social programs and childcare, and help poor
salvation army
combined faith and interest in reform- offered practical aid and religious counseling to urban poor
YMCA
combined faith and interest in reform- tried to help industry workers and urban poor by organizing Bible studies, citizenship training, and group activities- provided low cost boarding house for young men
public education and Americanization
crucial to success of immigrant kids-taught English and learned Am. history and culture
civil service reforms
hayes tries to end patronage (spoils system) by appointing reforms and not party supporters- actions split rep party
stalwarts
supported patronage- don’t change
Halfbreeds
backed some reforms
interstate commerce act
first federal law to regulate interstate commerce- limited railroad rates to “reasonable and just”- created commission- worker and passenger safety regulations
commission
banned rebates and increased rates for short hauls- group of people
populism
people’s party’- farmers, workers- included rr regulations, silver coinage (money supply), graduate income tax- increase in money means increase in amount you pay
populist party and african americans
southern poor whites and african americans joined in voting for populists
southern democrats
continued to use racism and work for segregation to spilt coalition- passed laws to keep society separated (segregation)
election of 1896
rep nom- McKinley won
de jure
segregation by law
de facto
segregation by actions
mary church terrell
anitlynching, racism, sexism- helped found NAACP
WEB Du Bois
believed african americans should continue to fight for civil rights- voting mostly- to end discrimination- NAACP founder
city dept
specialists on certain ares
city manager
less democracy- less corruption- could be fired
child labor
passed min age and max hours, compulsory educaiton laws
zoning laws
separating cities based on industry and residential areas- sign say industrial zone in cities
building codes
created codes that buildings must follow and have for certain use
18th amenment
illegal to sell, manufacture, and distribute alcohol
prohibition
progressives viewed alcohol as cause of social problems, poverty, physical abuse, worker efficiency going down, voting location
Roosevelt
he was progressive on domestic issues, reform program called square deal, ordered govt to sue N. Securities under Sherman Antitrust Act, coal strike- used arbitration and forced mine owners to except decision
hepburn act
gave power to ICC to regulate railroad rates and set prices
Meat Inspection Act
worked to improve conditions of food preparation business
Pure Food and Drug Act
worked to oppose ingredient of medicine and food that were dangerous or made false claims (FDA)
Roosevelt and Conservation
Newland reclamation act- sold public land for development projects, protected national forests and established 5 new national parks/wildlife reservations, public land use should be conserved- used wisely- saved for later
president william taft
payne-aldrich act- put tariffs on imports- hurt support to make changes in his presidency, 2x as many antitrusts cases, created children bureau- child labor, child abuse, foster care, adoption
woodrow wilson
underwood tariff act, first graduated income tax, fed reserve act, federal trade commission- power to investigate companies and issue “cease and desist” orders against unfair trade practices- Robber Barins, monopoly, clayton antitrust act
legacy
began to see government as way to improve lives, protect workers, consumers, and regulate business
limitations
progressivism failed to address racial and religious discrimination
Northern Securities v. US
Supreme Court rules against stockholders of railroad companies- dissolved the comp - strengthened Sherman antitrust act
ida tarbell
journalists-muckraker0 exposed monopolistic practices of standard oil- led to break up of stadard oil
underwood tariff act
revenue act- reestablished federal income tax and lowered tariff rates
16th amendment
allows congress to levy income tax without apportioning it among states on basis of population
clayton antitrust act
fixed Sherman antitrust act- state trusts didn’t apply to union or farm organizations (gave unions right to exist)
federal reserve act
set up 12 regional banks to regulate trust rates and monitor money supply
Richard A. Ballinger
replaced Roosevelt’s secretary of interior- conservationist- tried to open public land to private development
Roosevelt’s new nationalism
accepted large trusts as fact of life and set government to create proposals to increase regulate- favored laws protecting women and kids in labor force and workers compensation for injured on job
Wilson’s new freedom
freedom outweighed efficiency- reforms affecting tariffs, banking, trusts, and workers rights
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