APUSH Chapter 13 and 15

chapter 13 and 15 terms

Graft

the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Old Immigrants

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. Before 1865

New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. After 1865 - 1914

Ellis Island

New York City

Angel Island

San Francisco

Push Factors

Unemployment , Overcrowding, Compulsory Military Service

Pull Factors

Land, Social Mobility, Jobs

Nativism

extreme dislike of immigrants be native born people base on ethnicity or religious prejudice

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. Wanted to not hire immigrants or vote for Catholics

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers. stop immigration for 10 years and prevented citizenship

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban areas (cities)

Skyscrapers

tall buildings built as land values were rising in cities.

Mass Transit

Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes

Cities

separated by class, wealthy lived in the heart of the cities, middle class - suburbs, working class - tenements.

Party Boss

people who ran political machines

Tammany Hall

an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in New York City

William Boss Tweed

Political Machine Leader of NYC's Tammany Hall. Corrupt in spending tax dollars. Benefit voters for votes and politicians for graft/greed.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

William Jennings Bryan

Populist and Democratic presidential nominee in 1896

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Scott Joplin

King of Ragtime

Pendleton Act

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. allowed government to break up big companies in 1890

Thomas Eakins

Specialized in painting the everyday lifes of working-class men and women

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Progressivism

movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

Government regulations

the act of controlling business behavior through a set of rules or laws

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

City Government reforms

Create city departments - certain areas transit, electrical, sewage. Hire City managers to run the city - you can also fire them if they don't do their job.

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

17th Amendment

Direct election of US senators

American Women Suffrage Association

focused on winning the right to vote for women state by state.

National Women Suffrage Association

A group that worked for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

nativist’s reaction to immigrants

feared Catholics were gaining control of America. Unions and workers were worried immigrants would take jobs/ be strikebreakers. Created American Protective Association and Chinese Exclusion Act.

popular culture

people had more money to spend on entertainment and recreation

settlement house movement

in poor neighborhoods and offered healthcare and education for the working class

Booker T. Washington

proposed Af. Am. fight for economic rights and prepare by getting education and vocation

social Darwinism

society evolved through competition and natural selection “survival of fittest”

tenements

multifamily apartment. crowded

individualism

no matter how poor/which class you were when started, people could rise in society as far as talents and commitment would take them (capitalism-free enterprise)

philatropy

idea wealthy Am. should use fortunes to help people help themselves- Carnegie libraries- Bill Gates Foundation

Lester Frank Ward

Dynamic Sociology- argues humans are different than animals (Darwinism)- humans have ability to make plans for future outcomes, can cooperate, and government could regulate economy- end poverty, promote education

social gospel movement

worked for better conditions in cities according to biblical ideals of charity and justice- inspired churches to build gyms, provide social programs and childcare, and help poor

salvation army

combined faith and interest in reform- offered practical aid and religious counseling to urban poor

YMCA

combined faith and interest in reform- tried to help industry workers and urban poor by organizing Bible studies, citizenship training, and group activities- provided low cost boarding house for young men

public education and Americanization

crucial to success of immigrant kids-taught English and learned Am. history and culture

civil service reforms

hayes tries to end patronage (spoils system) by appointing reforms and not party supporters- actions split rep party

stalwarts

supported patronage- don’t change

Halfbreeds

backed some reforms

interstate commerce act

first federal law to regulate interstate commerce- limited railroad rates to “reasonable and just”- created commission- worker and passenger safety regulations

commission

banned rebates and increased rates for short hauls- group of people

populism

people’s party’- farmers, workers- included rr regulations, silver coinage (money supply), graduate income tax- increase in money means increase in amount you pay

populist party and african americans

southern poor whites and african americans joined in voting for populists

southern democrats

continued to use racism and work for segregation to spilt coalition- passed laws to keep society separated (segregation)

election of 1896

rep nom- McKinley won

de jure

segregation by law

de facto

segregation by actions

mary church terrell

anitlynching, racism, sexism- helped found NAACP

WEB Du Bois

believed african americans should continue to fight for civil rights- voting mostly- to end discrimination- NAACP founder

city dept

specialists on certain ares

city manager

less democracy- less corruption- could be fired

child labor

passed min age and max hours, compulsory educaiton laws

zoning laws

separating cities based on industry and residential areas- sign say industrial zone in cities

building codes

created codes that buildings must follow and have for certain use

18th amenment

illegal to sell, manufacture, and distribute alcohol

prohibition

progressives viewed alcohol as cause of social problems, poverty, physical abuse, worker efficiency going down, voting location

Roosevelt

he was progressive on domestic issues, reform program called square deal, ordered govt to sue N. Securities under Sherman Antitrust Act, coal strike- used arbitration and forced mine owners to except decision

hepburn act

gave power to ICC to regulate railroad rates and set prices

Meat Inspection Act

worked to improve conditions of food preparation business

Pure Food and Drug Act

worked to oppose ingredient of medicine and food that were dangerous or made false claims (FDA)

Roosevelt and Conservation

Newland reclamation act- sold public land for development projects, protected national forests and established 5 new national parks/wildlife reservations, public land use should be conserved- used wisely- saved for later

president william taft

payne-aldrich act- put tariffs on imports- hurt support to make changes in his presidency, 2x as many antitrusts cases, created children bureau- child labor, child abuse, foster care, adoption

woodrow wilson

underwood tariff act, first graduated income tax, fed reserve act, federal trade commission- power to investigate companies and issue “cease and desist” orders against unfair trade practices- Robber Barins, monopoly, clayton antitrust act

legacy

began to see government as way to improve lives, protect workers, consumers, and regulate business

limitations

progressivism failed to address racial and religious discrimination

Northern Securities v. US

Supreme Court rules against stockholders of railroad companies- dissolved the comp - strengthened Sherman antitrust act

ida tarbell

journalists-muckraker0 exposed monopolistic practices of standard oil- led to break up of stadard oil

underwood tariff act

revenue act- reestablished federal income tax and lowered tariff rates

16th amendment

allows congress to levy income tax without apportioning it among states on basis of population

clayton antitrust act

fixed Sherman antitrust act- state trusts didn’t apply to union or farm organizations (gave unions right to exist)

federal reserve act

set up 12 regional banks to regulate trust rates and monitor money supply

Richard A. Ballinger

replaced Roosevelt’s secretary of interior- conservationist- tried to open public land to private development

Roosevelt’s new nationalism

accepted large trusts as fact of life and set government to create proposals to increase regulate- favored laws protecting women and kids in labor force and workers compensation for injured on job

Wilson’s new freedom

freedom outweighed efficiency- reforms affecting tariffs, banking, trusts, and workers rights