supreme court case

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

• Ended racial segregation in public schools

• "Separate is inherently unequal"

• {14th} Amendment – Equal Protection Clause

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students have free speech rights in school

Symbolic speech (like armbands) is protected if not disruptive

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School‑sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause

1st Amendment – separation of church and state

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court

Established the exclusionary rule

4th Amendment

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review

Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Upheld “separate but equal”

Later overturned by Brown v. Board

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

“Miranda rights”—-right to remain silent, right to an attorney

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Right to privacy in medical decisions

United States v. Nixon (1974)

The president must obey court orders

Executive privilege is limited

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Congress has implied powers

States cannot tax federal institutions

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Enslaved people were property, not citizens

Congress could not ban slavery in territories